Paliamentary Procedure Essays - Parliamentary Procedure, Elections

Paliamentary Procedure Parliamentary Procedure Meetings overseen by an elected chairman Chairman responsible for keeping general order of meetings and collecting and counting closed or secret ballot votes Chairman can or can not be a voting member of the board The discussion can be an open discussion or members must wait to speak until recognized by the chairman 1. A member of the board calls a particular subject in question to a vote 2. The initial call to vote needs to be supported by another member of the board in the form of a verbal second. 3. If the call to vote is seconded then the chairman announces that the vote in question has been seconded and that the board as a whole will vote on whether to vote on the subject in question or to continue discussion on the topic. 4. The sequence of voting events is as follows: The first vote is a verbal vote, all in favor of the topic at hand say I, all those apposed say ney. If a decision is not easily made due to the first vote than one of two things may occur: 1. The chairman may conduct the same vote but ask that the board members raise their hand for their appropriate vote and count hands or, 2. The chairman passes out blank slips of paper and a silent closed vote is collected and tallied immediately with the results announced promptly afterward. ( the decision of this vote can be made due to a majority, ?, or unanimous vote decision making process) If the board decides to not vote then the table is reopened for discussion If the board decides to put the subject at question to a final vote then the voting rules as stated above(#4) are implemented and or variations as necessary( ex. A subject of extreme importance or a personal issue might go straight to a silent, closed vote due to a request etc.) If the vote does not pass it is considered dead and is unable to be brought up in a board meeting discussion for an allotted amount of time (ex. 4 months) unless it meets certain established guidelines ( ex. ? or unanimous agreement to open up subject to board meeting discussions) If the vote does pass then it is implemented immediately or at the soonest time required for it to be completely implemented. The implemented vote can be amended and/or overturned due to certain established guidelines ( ex. ? or unanimous decision to amend or overturn previous decision) Government Essays

Europasaurus - Facts and Figures

Europasaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Europasaurus (Greek for European lizard); pronounced your-ROPE-ah-SORE-us Habitat: Plains of western Europe Historical Period: Late Jurassic (155-150 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 1,000-2,000 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Unusually small size for a sauropod; quadrupedal posture; ridge on snout About Europasaurus Just as not all sauropods had long necks (witness the short-necked Brachytrachelopan), not all sauropods were the size of houses, either. When its numerous fossils were unearthed in Germany a few years ago, paleontologists were astonished to learn that the late Jurassic Europasaurus wasnt much bigger than a large oxonly about 10 feet long and one ton, max. This may seem large compared to a 200-pound human, but its positively stunted compared to classic sauropods like Apatosaurus and Diplodocus, which weighed in the neighborhood of 25 to 50 tons and were almost as long as a football field. Why was Europasaurus so small? We may never know for sure, but an analysis of Europasaurus bones shows that this dinosaur grew more slowly than other sauropodswhich accounts for its small size, but also means that an unusually long-lived Europasaurus might have reached a respectable height (though it would still have seemed puny standing next to a full-grown Brachiosaurus). Since its clear that Europasaurus evolved from larger sauropod ancestors, the most likely explanation of its small size was an evolutionary adaptation to the limited resources of its ecosystemperhaps a remote island cut off from the European mainland. This type of insular dwarfism has been observed not only in other dinosaurs, but also extant mammals and birds.

Intermediate targets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intermediate targets - Essay Example One of the most quoted examples of an indirect target is the money supply in an economy. Federal Reserve cannot destroy the old dollars neither it can throw a batch of new ones in the market (in practice, the Fed has all the authority to print new dollars and increase the money supply directly but it is most likely and the assumption here is that it wont do the same) (Bofinger, Reischle & Schachter, 2001). Therefore, in order to increase or decrease the money supply in the market, the process is to alter the interest rates of the economy and open market operations of buying or selling bonds. Low interest rates coupled with the Fed’s attempt to buy the bonds in the market would increase the money supply in the market since people would take their money out of their banks to search for other investment alternatives, which can create higher returns. Furthermore, the individuals who previously had bonds now hold their asset in a form liquid form thus increasing the overall money s upply in the market (Solow & Taylor, 1999; Bofinger, Reischle & Schachter, 2001) Unemployment is also an intermediate target of monetary policy. Despite the fact that this is not the goal of monetary policy under all monetary policy but it is a major goal for most of them. In order to decrease unemployment, the monetary policy experts would try to decrease the interest rates, which would in return boost the investment from the side of the general public. More investment would lead to more job opportunities and more job opportunities, thus, reducing the overall level of unemployment (Bofinger, Reischle & Schachter, 2001). Furthermore, with decreasing interest rates, the inflation is likely to go up which would give an incentive for the producers to produce more and earn greater profits in nominal terms. This motivates the producers to further increase the output and productivity, which leads to more employment opportunities (Solow & Taylor, 1999). Inflation Targeting In most of the s tates and countries where monetary policy exists, one of its prime targets is to target inflation and keep the same under the desired range, by either causing an increase or decrease in it. Since interest rate is the main tool of monetary policy for Central Bank, the inverse relationship of interest rates and inflation rates makes it clear for the general public that what the Central Bank is trying to do with the inflation (Walsh, 2003). For example, if the inflation is above the desired or targeted level and the Federal Reserve wants to bring it down, the idea would be to raise the interest rates so that the inflation rates could drop down (Gali, 2008). Therefore, according to its definition, inflation targeting refers to the process used the Federal Reserve with which the Fed estimates, plans and set a target for future inflation and with the help of monetary policy tools makes an attempt to accomplish the same. People in the economy also get to know this target so that they could plan their savings, wages, incomes, and others in line of that future level of inflation. Almost all the developing and developed countries in the world actively use inflation targeting since it helps in the smoothing of economic operations in the country (Bofinger, Reischle & Schachter, 2001). Inflation targeting, which is being used by many emerging economies of the world, if successfully anchored, leads to great benefits. First,

Compare and contrast Nissan Juke and BMW 128i Coupe Essay

Compare and contrast Nissan Juke and BMW 128i Coupe - Essay Example It was tested at a quarter mile, and came in a 15.5 seconds and zero to 60 in 7.3 seconds. From 60 mph to zero, it came in at 123 feet. The estimates for the Juke’s fuel economy are 27 city and 32 highway. With well weighted steering and buttoned down suspension, the Juke provides a decisive response. Coming in at $20,000 to $25,000, the Juke is also comfortable to drive. Firmly padded seats, adjustable height and steering tilts help the driver find the ideal position. It also has all wheel drive, Bluetooth and iPod capability, side and curtain airbags, as well as stability and traction control. It also comes with emergency braking assist, engine immobilizer, whiplash protection system, tire pressure monitoring and vehicle alarm impact sensor. Although the Juke comes in as an average vehicle in terms of performance, dynamics, comfort, quietness, ergonomics, visibility, space and overall build quality, it is a good vehicle with a very unique look at a fair price. With overall o wnership costs for five years coming in at $31,595, and depreciation at $10, 932, it’s a good deal. The 2011 BMW 128i Coupe is a smaller but still sleek version of BMW’s 3 series.

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International marketing - Essay Example In today’s environment, a lot of segmentation has been done in every industry and for every product (Segmentation strategy, n.d.). Examples of the two major industries that are textile industry and hair care industry are discussed in subsequent paragraphs in order to provide insights about segmentation options. Since the needs and wants of customers are getting more customized and particular, therefore after the broader markets are defined, marketers go for further segmentation especially when they are addressing internal markets. These additional segmentations are called as Segmentation Options for instance if a company deals in hair care products, then the market which it selects to cater can depend upon several options. The segmentation option available to an international marketer can include different problems of hair. Therefore, it can address the needs of customers related to hair fall, dandruff, damaged hair, dry and dull hair etc. Apart from focusing on the hair probl ems, other segmentation option includes type of products to be delivered. They can include hair shampoo, hair conditioner, hair gel, hair spray, hair mask, hair color, hair oil etc. These will be considered as segmentation options available to international marketer through which it can enter a new market. ... Apart from the type of product, other segmentation options include manner of usage. Manner of usage is more inclined toward the events where the products can be used for instance clothes can be further categorized as bridal wear, party wear, office wear etc. In linens, marketer has to decide which products to prepare. Options include bed sheets, bed covers, curtains, pillow cover cushions etc. Nature of fabric comprises of the material that will be required for each individual product. 2. Discuss, giving examples, how an organization can determine the appropriateness of an international market. Explain what issues in gathering information may be experienced.   Appropriateness of Marketing Internationally Nowadays, concern of appropriateness is always in center of the minds of international marketers. That’s what brings an epic recession to the widely known brands of the world. Numbers of products get obsolete due to their inappropriateness in the market. The brands which are best positioned nowadays are the one which are relevant, necessary, wholesome as well as caring and nurturing. In the world of brands, marketers are facing an emotional recession that is causing the decline in the norms of acceptable brands. International marketing requires being very relevant and appropriate otherwise the products will become disasters. An example of inappropriate product includes McPizza which was introduced by McDonalds in mid-nineties. McDonalds spent a large amount on expensive ovens and drive through windows that were not required at all. The Pizza market was already so much saturated that Americans gradually abandoned and finally forgot if any pizza was introduced by McDonalds. The

Cross Culture Affects The Global Fast Foods

Cross Culture Affects The Global Fast Foods Michel Camdessus, former managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that: Globalization is simply the continuation of the trend toward greater international economic integration that has been under way for the last fifty years. The difference is that todays markets are larger, more complex, and more closely integrated than ever before. And now capital moves at a speed and in volumes that would have been inconceivable a few decades ago. (Walker, Walker, Schmitz, 2003, p.2). One could surely argue that, globalisation as defined by our contemporary experience, is a continuation of a historical evolution that has been underway for at least the past five hundred years, with European colonialisation and imperialism leading to a dynamic between parochial tribalism and global commerce that frames the modern state of affairs- a dialectical dynamic that Benjamin Barber (1996) fittingly calls Jihad vs. McWorld. As stated by Elmer (2003), Stepping out and fitting in around the world is what multinationals brand of companies are doing to conquer new markets and to be sustainable on the long run. The challenge of crossing the border to step out and fit in each and every culture worldwide (Elmer, 2003), and be both a global and a local company is the effort of Fast Food brands like KFC, McDonalds and Nandos. Downs (1993) stated that One of the greatest stumbling blocks to understanding other peoples within or without a particular culture is the tendency to judge others behavior by our own standards. As per Criag Storti (1989. P. 32-34): The more we retreat from the culture and the people the less we learn about them; the less we know about them the more uncomfortable we feel among them; the more uncomfortable we fell among them the more inclined we are to withdraw. Therefore to survive a multinational has to learn about the people of the country they are operating in. Hofstede (1991), Trompenaars (1993), Czinkota and Ronkainen (1993) all agreed that culture is based on languages, economy, religion, policies, social institutions, class, values, status, attitudes, manners, customs, material items, aesthetics and education, which subsequently influences managerial values. The ability of Hofstedes framework to capture more than the individualism-collectivism dimension of culture contributed to its popularity (Sivakuma and Nakata, 2001). According to Hofstede (1980), the uncertainty avoidance dimension deals with the national cultures ability to tolerate ambiguity. Individuals in these high uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to be rigid and dogmatic. They are threatened by unknown situations. Life is perceived to have many risks, and the resultant stress needs to be lessened. So the cultures may rely upon such mechanisms as rules, customs, laws, and religion in pursuit of security. 1.2 Problem Definition With the effect of globalization, it has been noted that many multinational fast food brands are establishing in the Mauritius. After nearly 30 years that KFC implemented itself in Mauritius, we now have an influx of different famous brands of fast foods. Another phenomenon leading to this increase of fast food on the market is the opening of retail outlets like Bagatelle and Cascavelle. Mauritius is known for its history of different ethnic groups and with a diversity of food culture, the question arising is how these companies are able to gain share of the market and how they have adapted themselves to the Mauritian culture. 1.3 The industry understudy This study will be conducted for the Fast Food industry with reference to the following multinational brands: KFC, McDonalds and Nandos. This will enable us to analyse how they are operating and how the importation of American and Portuguese food culture are adapting to our famous Mauritian cuisine:Bryani, Dal puri, Gateaux Piment, Mine Bouille and other typical Mauritian food. 1.4 Aim of research The aim of this research is to investigate how these multinationals are facing the cross cultural barriers and how they have been able to overcome them. 1.5 Objective of Research To identify cross cultural barriers existing in the Mauritian Market and the fast food sector. To analyse how cross culture barriers affects the Marketing strategies of Fast Food Companies To analyse the impact of cross culture on the brand equity of these Multinationals To analyse the impact of the anxiety and uncertainty avoidance theory faced by Fast Food Multinational on the Market. To evaluate how Mauritians has accepted these Multinationals in their culture. 1.6 Research Structure and hypotheses Companies who extend their business abroad have to face a challenge of cross-cultural communication. Bennis and Nanus (1985) refer to Erez (1992) and claim that communication is the only approach by which group members can cooperate with each other toward the goal of organization. In line with this a possible hypothesis is as follows: HYPOTHESIS 1 Ho: Cross cultural barriers have no impact on fast food multinational marketing strategies H1: cross cultural barriers have impact on fast food multinational marketing strategies Steenkamp et al. (2003) found that perceived brand globalness was positively related to perceived quality and prestige. Another hypothesis can be: HYPOTHESIS 2 H3: Cross cultural barriers have no impact on brand equity of fast food multinational marketing strategies H4: Cross cultural barriers have impact on brand equity of fast food multinational marketing strategies Hofstede (1991, p. 116) points out that uncertainty avoidance should not be confused with risk avoidance even more than reducing risk, uncertainty avoidance leads to a reduction of ambiguity. One of hypothesis will show this from the study HYPOTHESIS 3 H5: The anxiety and uncertainty avoidance theory have no impact on Fast foods Multinationals on the Market. H6: The anxiety and uncertainty avoidance theory have impact on Fast foods Multinationals on the Market. Levitt (1983, p. 87) argues that well-managed companies have moved from emphasis on customizing items to offering globally standardized products that are advanced, functional, reliable and low priced. The following hypothesis will try to this point. HYPOTHESIS 4 H7: Mauritian has adopted these Multinational Fast Foods. H8: Mauritian has not adopted these Multinational Fast Foods. 1.7 Structure of the Study The dissertation will comprise of different chapters as outlined below. Chapter 1: Introduction defines the background of the research and outlines the aim and research objectives. It also gives an overview of the structure of the study to be carried out. Chapter 2: Literature Review -presents a detailed account of relevant materials in relation to the subject matter including theories and principles relating to cross-cultural barriers, also in relation to the food and fast foods multinationals. It also emphasizes on Individualism versus collectivism and uncertainty avoidance in relation to Hofstedes cultural framework. Chapter 3: Situation Analysis It provides a brief of the Mauritian Fast food Multinationals and the problem they have encounter to be present on the Market Chapter 4: Methodology defines the basic methods used to carry out this study along with the procedures that are used to analyse and prepare the collected data. It also identifies the problems and limitations during the research. Chapter 5: Analysis Findings Presents an analysis of the data collected together with a discussion. Chapter 6: Recommendations Conclusion provides recommendations to provide a smoother adjustment for the Fast Food Multinationals in view with cross cultural issues. Chapter 2 Literature review Since the very beginning of human history, food has assembled peoples in the way that no any other things have been able to do. No matter whether it was the ancient agora or todays modern day supermarket or restaurant, the market of food has always played a central role in humans lives, communities, communication, and culture (Huddleston et al., 2009; DeJesus and Tian, 2004). Culture is often defined as a system of values as well as a determinant of consumer behavior. Members of a particular culture transform their experiences with their physical and social environments to an abstract level of belief about what is desirable and what is not (Lillis and Tian 2010). Such encoded beliefs, called values, act as a general guide for everyday behaviors, including those pertaining to buying and consumption. Cultural values differ among nations along Hofstedes four dimensions of national character (Emery and Tian, 2003; Hofstede, 1984; Tian, 2002). The growing amount of international business has increased the need to understand consumer behavior from a cross-cultural perspective (Mooij, 2004; Senguder, 2001; Sunderland and Denny, 2007; Tian 2002 a). With the globalisation of markets, marketing research has assumed a truly international character and this trend is likely to continue (Malhotra et al., 1994). Todays Consumers have greater knowledge of the value of various competing offerings. Effective communications may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse consumer needs on a global basis. According to Edmondson (2000), two-thirds of all industries either already operate globally or are in the process of doing so, McDonaldss earns over 62% of its income outside the U.S. For cross-cultural acceptance, Altering and adjusting the marketing mix determinants are essential and vital to suit local tastes, meet special needs and consumers non-identical requirements (Czinkota and Ronnenken, 1995). Growing internationalization of tastes and buying patterns has made the development of global and regional brands more feasible (Doyle, 1994). 2.1 Fast Food Industry and Food culture The fast food revolution essentially had its origins in the US in the mid 1950s and this style of catering has continued to grow there and to spread to most of the rest of the world in the decades since then (Jones et al, 2002, p.41). Schlosser (2001) has suggested that within the US the impact of this revolution has been seen to be particularly pervasive. He argues, for example, that during a relatively brief period of time the fast food industry has helped to transform not only the American diet but also our landscapes, economy, workforce and popular culture. More generally fast food can be seen as a powerful symbol of globalisation and of post-modern society and few countries of the world seem immune to its apparent attractions. McDonaldss, for example, claim to serve 45 million customers every day in 30,000 restaurants in 121 countries around the world (Jones et al, 2002, p.41). Fast food have been defined by Bender and Bender (1995) as a general term used for a limited menu of foods that lend themselves to production-line techniques; suppliers tend to specialize in products such as hamburgers, pizzas, chicken, or sandwiches. Fast food is one which gained acceptance of Indian palate after the multinational fast food players adapted the basic Indian food requirements with vegetarian meals and selected non-vegetarian options excluding beef and pork totally from their menu (Goyal, and Singh, 2007). Carmouche and Kelly (1995) suggested a list of factors that shape the food consumption behavior: social class, gender, age, culture, race, and religion (also considered a cultural factor). Food is one important factor that influences the choice to visit a particular place and affects tourists attitudes, decisions, and behavior (Henderson 2009; Hjalanger and Corigliano 2000). Ample evidence has been found that religion can influence consumer attitude and behavior in general and food purchasing decisions and eating habits in particular (Bonne and Verbeke 2008b). In many societies, religion plays one of the most influential roles in shaping food choices and consumption behavior: the types of food that can be consumed, who should prepare and cook the food at what times, and how and when to eat it. However, different religions have different rules and teachings about food consumption behavior. Followers of religions also differ in observance of these rules: some follow the rules strictly, while others behave with more flexibility, and few may not care at all. Hence, in order to investigate the relationship between food consumption behavior and religion, it is important to give ample consideration to this religious diversity both within and among the followers of each religion. (Maedeh Bon, Mazhar Hussain, 2010) All restaurants of KFC, an American fast-food chain, in France are Halal certified and KFC also serves such food in eight of its British restaurants on a trial basis (The Economist 2009). 2.2 Culture and Cross Culture 2.2.1 Definition of Culture According to Ferraro (1994), the only requirement for culture is to be human is that the people in the world belong to a culture. Marzheuser (1995) stated that culture consists primarily of the symbols and stories people use to communicate their history and values. For Hall (1976), culture is a word which stands for the sum of earned behavior, patterns, attitudes and material things. Culture has been defined as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another (Hofstede, 1980). Beyond individual differences, human dispositions and behaviors are influenced by the norms, beliefs and values of their cultural environment (Triandis, 1989). Furthermore, cultural values shape not only ones behavior, but also ones perceptions of the self and of the social environment (Triandis, 1989). Much insight has been gained from the GLOBE research project (House et al., 2004), where culture was measured both as values of the respondents and in terms of their perceptions of how people deal with collective challenges within their culture. 2.2.2 Cross Culture Okazaki et al (2011) defined global consumer culture positioning as: a brand is associated with a widely understood and recognized set of symbols believed to constitute emerging global consumer cultures. As Simon and Dolan (1997) illustrate; McDonaldss has been very successful with package offers in the USA and in Germany, where a hamburger and fries offered together with a beverage. While Local consumer culture positioning is defined as a strategy that associates the brand with local cultural meanings, reflects the local cultures norms and identities, is portrayed as consumed by local people in the national culture, and/or is depicted as locally produced for local people (e.g., McDonaldss chicken teriyaki ads in Japan). In contrast, foreign consumer culture positioning positions the brand as symbolic of a specific foreign consumer culture (e.g. KFC slogan Finger-lickin good was translated as Eat your fingers off in China). Beyond individual differences, human dispositions and behaviors are influenced by the norms, beliefs and values of their cultural environment (Triandis, 1989). Furthermore, cultural values shape not only ones behavior, but also ones perceptions of the self and of the social environment (Triandis, 1989). Cultural differences have significant impact on our intercultural communication. They are the source of misunderstanding, misinterpretation, anxiety, and uncertainty, which ultimately result in miscommunication (Stephan and Stephan, (2002); Gudykunst (2002); Gudykunst and Lee, (2002). Generally, culture is conceptualised as a shared way of life collectively developed and shared by a group of people and transmitted from generation to generation (Tubbs and Moss, 1994). Culture embodies many complex elements such as beliefs, values, language, political systems, and tools which together give a group its code or characteristics (Griffin (2000); Tubbs and Moss (1994). This code is not impos ed by one individual or an external body. Rather, it is socially constructed (by members that make up the group) and historically transmitted (Philipsen, (1992) and Griffin (2000)). Intercultural communication is thus the exchange of information between well-defined groups of people with significantly different cultures (Barnett and Lee (2002). The process is quite complex in the sense that this exchange of information takes place in a context which is a fusion of significantly different systems. The process also requires conscious attempts by each party at reducing uncertainty about the future behaviour of the other party through an increase in understanding of the other group (Barnett and Lee (2002); Gudykunst, (2002)). For Gudykunst and Lee (2002) and Griffin, (2000) Cultural variability (the extent to which cultures differ) is key to any conceptualisation of intercultural communication. Various studies have examined cultural variability at the level of power distribution (or power distance), uncertainty avoidance, gender roles, face negotiation, individualism-collectivism, and others. Mazneski (1994) opines that cross-cultural awareness facilitates to perform a set task successfully. Berthon (1993) views culture as the results of the human actions and shows the link between the ideas of mental programming and the consequence of behaviour derived from this. Therefore, cross-verging across culture has different aspects such as attitude, communication, conflict and negotiation, performance and compensation, which explain the ethical issues and how to appraise them. Bond and Forgas (1984) concluded that different perceptions, attitudes and biases in different cultures ultimately mould the ethical monochromes across-culture, have a distinct presence ubiquitously. In that light, McFarlin and Sweeney (1998) observe that once you perceive and interpret the behaviour of another person, you often must communicate your feelings or reactions to what took place which is an extension of the ethical base to appraise performance and preference. Ambos and Schlegelmilch (2008) argu e that one culture may support certain type (or types) of organizations rather than other types, and culture differences will eventually influence on the performance of company. International marketers have long realized that products and services frequently must be adapted to the varying needs and preferences of consumers in different countries (Cateora and Graham 2002). As McDonaldss adapted its products in India and has made changes to its menu to cater to local tastes elsewhere in the world. In 1996 McDonaldss launches its first restaurants in India and to respect local custom the menu there did not include beef. Instead, there was a novel item the Maharaja Mac, made with mutton but served in the McDonaldss sesame-seed bun (Rugimbana and Nwankwo, (2003). The goal of marketing management is to create positive identity impressions in the local consumers minds, even if this entails some alteration to the companys global identity expressions. As reported in The Economist (2001), in the fast-food industry, menu offerings are influenced by the prevailing cultural values Maharaja Macs at McDonaldss India, Teriyaki McBurgers at McDonaldss Japan, and Kosher and non-Kosher restaurants in McDonaldss Israel and advertising, outdoor signage, and in-store ephemera need to be in the native language. Restaurant architecture frequently incorporates native motifs and global trade characters can take on a local flavor. A Starbucks in Shanghai has a Ming Dynasty faà §ade and the entrances of some Chinese KFC restaurants are guarded by full-size, fiberglass models of Colonel Sanders who, in his Asian reincarnation, looks a little portly like a Buddha. According to former CEO, Jack Greenberg, localization has contributed to McDonaldss worldwide success (Foreign Policy 2001), although some analysts warn that decentralization has become so pervasive that it threatens to undermine the main pillars of the brand service, quality and cleanliness (The Economist 2001). 2.3 Cross Culture Barriers Hofstede (1991), Trompenaars (1993), and Czinkota and Ronkainen (1993) all agreed that culture is based on languages, economy, religion, policies, social institutions, class, values, status, attitudes, manners, customs, material items, aesthetics and education, which subsequently influences managerial values. Witkowski and Wolfinbarger (2002) found that the relationship between the different components of service quality reliability, empathy, responsiveness, assurance, and tangibles and perceptions of overall service quality varied across both cultures and across service settings. 2.3.1 Language Language is the key to the heart of a culture, so related are language and culture that language holds the power to maintain national or cultural identity. Victor (1992) noted that there are at least 2, 796 languages spoken on planet earth. According to Rubin (1992), language is a set of characters or elements and rules for their use in relation to one another and as described by Nanda and Warms (1998) language does more than just reflect culture: it is the way in which an individual is introduce to the order of the physical and social environment. As the definition of Dawson (1967), language lies at the root of culture, and that culture and language are inseparable aspects of the same process. According to Edwards (1985), language is important in ethnic and nationalist sentiment because of its power and visible symbolism (reason why the Mauritian government as implemented Mauritian Creoles in schools). For Bolch (1996) language and culture are so firmly intertwined that optional cro ss-cultural international business cannot be attained without substantial foreign-language capabilities. Reasonable cultural awareness without foreign-language capabilities is common, especially among English speaking business people, but such a lack of skills set very definite limits on the efficacy of cross-cultural performance. Intercultural communication gained prominence after efforts by anthropologists and linguists like Hall and Lado to link language, culture, and communication (Kramsch, 2001). 2.3.2 Norms, Roles, Beliefs and Values Norms are culturally defined rules for determining acceptable and appropriate behaviour (Tubbs and Moss, 1994). They include those that govern social situations and conversational routines such as greetings, making requests, and expressing various emotions. Roles are also sources of cultural variability. Roles are sets of norms applicable to specific groups of people in society. As culture relates to norms, values and customs of people it generates behavioural differentiation. Culture as a set of norms, rules and customs, as a result people from different cultures have differences in their norms and customs. Culture is a pattern of spiritual, emotional, mental and physical realities, all of which interact in the life of society and individuals. It involves the way we think, dress and speak, the words we use, our beliefs, the food we eat, the style of our clothes and our homes, the relationship between relatives, our music and our art, and much more. Higher education levels expose ind ividuals to different cultural perspectives and make them less likely to follow local behavioral norms and more global as consumers (Keillor et al., 2001). Cultural syndromes are cognitive structures that help one organize and interpret the world by focusing attention on certain patterns or themes in the subjective elements of the environment, such as values, norms, beliefs, and assumptions (Triandis, 1994a) 2.3.3 Status Homer and Kahle (1988), the value attitude behavior hierarchy would support the contention that cultural values do correlate with attitudes. Orientation toward status is another cultural dimension identified as affecting human behavior and refers to how people are judged in society (Trompanaars Hampdon-Turner, 1997). Achievement is a cultural orientation where people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions (e.g., subject matter expertise) and on what they have accomplished. Ascription is a cultural orientation where status is attributed based on who or what a person is (i.e., based on age, gender, or social connections). 2.4. High context-communication and low context communication. High context or Low context communication theory is one of the most important theories in cross-cultural research, which can be viewed as a culture based on the messages that people within the culture prefer to use (Richardson and Smith, 2007). It properly links management style and staff behaviour to discuss the issue of cross-cultural management in communication. According to Richardson and Smith (2007) refer to Hall (1976) and argue that cultures cannot be easily classified into High Context or Low Context, but to some extent, some cultures tend to be at the higher end while others are at the lower end of the continuum. In a high-context culture, people interdepend on each other. Information is widely shared through the word with potential meaning. In a low-context cutlure, people tend to be individualized, kind of alienated and fragmented, people do not involve with each other too much. High context communication tends to engage an indirect way to express while low context commun ication prefers direct information exchange (Kim, Pan and Park, 1998, Richardson and Smith, 2007). In a low-context culture, people coming from other culture can easily match these machinations, but in a high-context culture, these high-context machinations cannot be easily matched by people coming from low-context culture (Holden, 2002). The characteristic of high-context communication is economical, fast, efficient, and satisfying, however, programming is time-consumed (Kim, Pan and Park, 1998). Contrarily, low-context massages are more context-free than high-context communication, information about the character and background and values of the participants are less influencing on people to make deals, however, the reliance to make deal is upon the explicit communication. In high context cultures communication involves messages in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message While low context the mass of the information is vested i n explicit code (Hall Hall, 1990). Cultural dimensions such as uncertainty avoidance, high-low context, field dependence-independence, and analytic-holistic reasoning are all cultural dimensions that may impact the leaders search (Salas e t al., 2004). 2.5 Hofstede cultural dimension Framework The human relations theme contains cultural dimensions that address how members of cultures react, interact, and develop relationships with others. Specifically, this theme includes dimensions that describe the identification of in- versus out-groups and corresponding expectations (Hofstede, 1980), preferences for individualistic tendencies versus group consensus and corresponding behavioral consequences (Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, 1998), and the maintenance of the status quo (Schwartz, 1999). The power relations theme contains cultural dimensions that revolve around peoples beliefs, values, and subsequent behaviors resulting from perceptions of power. Cultural dimensions within this theme guide rules and regulations regarding peoples reaction to power as well as the perception, acceptance, and adherence of power being distributed unequally (Hofstede, 1980). Hofstedes classification was originally related to work values rather than consumer behavior and other micro phenomena; it mi ght be less relevant in more culture specific studies on more micro phenomena in consumer behaviors (Yau et al. 1999). However, his work appears to be heavily relied upon because of its extensiveness across cultures and its intuitive appeal. While the first four themes deal primarily with direct social interactions, the next several themes pertain to differences in cultures orientation to more inanimate objects (i.e., rules, times, nature). Dimensions, which pertain to a cultures orientation to rules, include those that describe the adherence to, application of, and comfort with rules for members of a certain culture. Specifically, this theme refers to attitudes and preferences for ambiguity, rules guiding actions, and the amount of rules that govern behaviour for a particular society (Hofstede, 1980). National cultures also have different preferences with regard to perception of time and how those perceptions guide behavior. The time orientation theme refers to dimensions that explain how time perceptions of members relate to rewards, how time is viewed, and whether or not members pay attention to time (Hofstede, 2001; Hall Hall, 1990). The following provides a brief outline of the six dimensions of national cultures (Hofstede, 2001; Hofstede et al., 2010). (1) Power distance refers to the extent to which a society accepts the fact that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. It is shown as much by the behavioural values of superiors, who display their power and exercise it, as by the behavioural values of subordinates who wait for their superiors to show their status and power, and are uncomfortable if they do not personally experience it. (2) Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which members of a society feel uncomfortable in ambiguous and uncertain situations and take actions to avoid them. The dimension of uncertainty avoidance measures the extent to which people in a society tend to feel threatened by uncertain, ambiguous or unde ¬Ã‚ ned situations. Where uncertainty avoidance is high, organizations promote stable careers, produce rules and procedures, etc. Nevertheless societies in which uncertainty avoidance is strong are also characterized by a higher level of anxiety and aggressiveness that creates, among other things, a strong inner urge to work hard (Hofstede, 1980a). (3) Individualism versus collectivism refers to the extent to which individuals are supposed to look after themselves or remain integrated into groups. Hofstede (2001) defines it as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. According to this definition, national culture is a set of collective beliefs and values that distinguish people of one nation from those of another. (4) Masculinity versus femininity refers to the distribution of emotional roles between the genders. It contrasts tough masculine with tender feminine societies. A society is masculine when the dominant values favour assertiveness, earning money, showing off possessions and caring little for others. Conversely, feminine societies favour nurturing roles, interdependence between people and caring for others (who are seen as worth caring for, because they are temporarily weak). The masculinity/femininity dimension has been so called because, on average, men tended to score high on one extreme and women on the other, across societies. (5) Long-term versus short-term orientation refers to the extent to which a culture programs its members to accept delayed satisfaction of their material, social and emotional needs. Long-term orientation is future-focused and has long-term goals whereas short-term orientations focus on respect for tradition and are oriented toward the past and the present. Long Term Orientation stands for the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its opposite pole, Short Term O

Mathematical Ethics Essay -- Math Philosophy Aristotle Papers

Mathematical Ethics Philosophers since antiquity have argued the merits of mathematics as a normative aid in ethical decision-making and of the mathematization of ethics a theoretical discipline. Recently, Anagnostopoulos, Annas, Broadie and Hutchinson have probed such issues said to be of interest to Aristotle. Despite their studies, the sense in which Aristotle either opposed or proposed a mathematical ethics in subject-matter and method remains unclear. This paper attempts to clarify the matter. It shows Aristotle’s matrix of exactness and inexactness for ethical subject-matter and ethical method in the Nicomachean Ethics. Then it probes a resultant puzzle from the matrix, namely, the HL model of the happy life without consideration of mathematical justice (Bk. III) and the HJL model of the happy life with such consideration (Bk. V). Finally, it examines Aristotle’s twofold rationale for differentiating these two models in his overall moral feedback loop system: differences in the intel lectual virtue of good deliberation; the priority of friendship over justice for the happy life. This suggests Aristotle saw no objection either to using mathematics as an aid to ethical decision-making for a happy life, or to mathematizing at least some parts of an ethical theory of eudaimonism. I. The problem of math ethics in modernity and antiquity Mathematizing ethics to become scientific ethics has long been a dream of some philosophers, dating to both the Academy and perhaps the Lyceum. In modern philosophy Jeremy Bentham, (1) G.E. Moore, (2) and Nicholas Rescher (3) have tried to mathematize ethics. Such mathematizations square with Quine's view that mathematizing inexact things by way of exact methods marks a successful reduc... ...participants. It misses the mark methodologically, or, as Broadie likens it, it is "playing at ethics" or even a "perversion." It is, as Aristotle sees in the Nicomachean Ethics, a deception, since the underlying longitudinal assumption is that someone thinks they can become good by talking about the good without doing good and without being impacted by doing what they have chosen in a moral feedback loop system. (1105b 13-17) Furthermore, such maturation theories overlook the iterative dimension of moral decision-making with feedback loops and filters in the development of moral character — including the possible use of mathematical ethics in the manner of Aristotle, who seems to have steered a middle course between complete reductive mathematization of ethics and an apriori resistance to even a partial mathematization of ethics. "Not too much and not too little!"

Promote Products & Service Essay

1/ Introduction: After the 3D movie blockbuster of American film called â€Å"Avatar† released worldwide in 2009, a lot of cinemas in the world also start the movie with this technology. In particular, a few years ago, to demand of customers as well as improving the quality of business, there are many investors have invested †3D coffee†. 3D Coffee is gradually developing into a movement entertainment healthy. It looks like a new air crept into the lifestyle of young people. 2/ Business idea: * Create a unique coffee shop, where customers can enjoy nice coffee cups and watch blockbuster movies together. * Establishing a high-speed system of wireless for customers can access free. * This would be an ideal location for family or couple want to relax and talking. 3/ Requirements to  succeed in your business: * Location: The first restaurant should be located in a busy residential area to attract a lot of customers in Sydney. After the first 3D restaurant succeeds, there is more 3D coffee shops will be opened. When brand of shop was known in a lot of cities, we should get franchised and starting this business in other big cities. * Pricing strategy: Give customer a price of product consistent with cost rate. Organizing regular promotions to customers and discount special days. * Quality strategy: maintaining and development the company production that has been consumed widely in the consumer market as well as improve the poor quality production. * Advertising and Promotion strategy:To attract client’s that 3D coffee shop would advertise through TV, radio, magazine, Face book and internet. The shop should have advertising strategies to clients through networking communities. Promotional activities for all products sometimes are showed such as discount activities, promotions and big events to compete with other shops as well as provide information about the restaurant to customers. * Customer service: Creating a professional staffs with higher responsibility. They should be friendly and patient with customers to make customers feeling comfortable and enjoy their visit. 4/ Entrepreneurship: * Design the shop: there are three floors. + The first floor: This floor for staff only, there are bar, toilet, etc. + The second floor: there is one large room with a capacity of 30 people, it can be used to organize offline, enjoy music Audiophile, Lossless lyrical, gentle, combined watch HD movie blockbuster. + The third floor: there are 10 rooms with 5 rooms for groups of friends, families can sit comfortably that have large screen (120 inch), large space,  polite, audio system modernization and 5 rooms for couples, friends with private space, romantic, seat systems extremely relaxing. All rooms are equipped with HD projector – 3D and it can serve 3D movies with high quality. * Customer: The majority of the customers is young people who looking for new things and want to try the different feelings. In addition, this shop also serves international customers who want to find where they can have both their own space to watch movie, enjoy coffee and talk together, so that this is an ideal location. 5/ Business Objectives: A/ The common purpose: Give to customers of all ages who need somewhere for entertainment, relaxation and enjoying favorite movies as well as where customers meet friends. Besides, this shop also serves customers who want to hold a birthday party for your friends, relatives, or want to date, say a marriage proposal, Events, etc. In general, this shop will help customer to reduce stress after a stressful working hours. B/ Shop business purpose: * Bring large profits for the investors. * Bring revenue to the country from tax * The economic benefits contribute to the annual budget: + Income tax + Personal income tax. * Create a professional image, reliable in the hearts of consumers. * To satisfy the entertainment needs of the people, improve the spiritual life, help people to get fun time after hours for learning and work stress, contributing for the cultural life community and re-production labor. 6/ SWOT Analysis: A/ Strength (S): * Ample space, designing layout unique and beautiful, new furniture. * Favorable location. * Reasonable price. * The management work capacity and determination. * Services to provide good quality, high-speed transmission. * The wifi internet service has high speed and easy to register multiple packages Promotions. * Using modern machinery and professional. B/ Weakness (W): * The first capital investment is lacking. * Don’t have patrons as well as reputable supplier for products in the starting days. * The new shop establishment makes it difficult to attract new customers. * Don’t have too much experience in business coffee 3D. C/ Opportunities (O): * Focus on potential clients: students, people with average incomes. * There is good material. * Opening more branch around the world or sell franchise for foreign companies. D/ Threats (T): * Other local shops could try to adopt business idea in a short time. * The large number of new shop that will be opened to competition. 7/ Financial, Legal, Marketing, Operational and Business viability: * Financial:In order to this business succeed and develop which the company have to invest about $500,000. When business achieved and attract customers that will have grown steadily 5% each year in investment. Beside, business should hire accountants to prepare tax return, overt business activities to take care of business tax affairs. * Legal:Business will hire lawyers to maintain activities and resolve with legal and procedure affairs. * Marketing:Pay advertising company to create original Ads, flyers. At the same time, advertise through TV, radio, magazine, Face book and internetas well as developing logo and slogans. * Operational: create a management reasonable system include supervisors, floor managers and leaders to manage staff shifts. All of them should be training and study a course about professional skills to service clients. * Business viability: maintain activities and making a profit and increased steadily per year. 8/ Conclusion: 3D COFFEE†Ã¢â‚¬  will provide a space, an suitable environment for many different demands of customers as well as creating healthy recreation and relax with some reasonable prices. When customers come to â€Å"Coffee 3D† that they will be integrated into the environment lively, friendly and everyone will be linked together easier. Furthermore, this shop will satisfy all the needs of the individual or collective by new services and so interesting. Through the analyse and present research information of project †3D COFFEE†. We think this project will bring high economic efficiency and accordant with the needs of people as well as the general trend development of social especially young people. 9/ References: * Principles of Marketing (26/09/2011) 5th edition, Person Australia.

Analysing The Islamic View About Homosexual Religion Essays

Analysing The Islamic View About Homosexual Religion Essays Analysing The Islamic View About Homosexual Religion Paper Analysing The Islamic View About Homosexual Religion Paper Homosexuality is non allowed in Islam. These are poetries in the Holly Book, Quran, where Allah clearly said about Homosexuality: We besides ( sent ) Lut: he said to his people: Do ye perpetrate obscenity such as no people in creative activity ( of all time ) committed before you? For ye pattern your lecherousnesss on work forces in penchant to adult females: ye are so a people offending beyond bounds. Holy Quran 7:80-81 Of all the animals in the universe will ye attack males . And leave those whom Allah has created for you to be your couples? Nay ye are a people offending ( all bounds ) ! Holy Quran 26:165-166 Explaination: This verses refer to the activities at Sodom and Gamorah. It seems to connote that there was no homosexual behaviour before it foremost appeared in Sodom. The transition besides links the wickedness of Sodom ( the cause of Sodom s devastation ) to homosexualism. The Quran prohibits any sexual relationship except in a matrimony between male and female. It is advised to take Homosexual as a trial of life and stamp down the feeling to follow God s jurisprudence in Islam. Some Islamic motion say that verses in Quran is can non be to the full acceptable for this modern society and besides claim that Quran speak about homosexual lecherousness but non homosexual love. These motion such as Al-Fatiha foundation and others accpet and condiser homosexual as natural. Note that, each Islamic state have their ain jurisprudence against Homosexual, nevertheless, some Islamic state do nt hold any jurisprudence against homosexual. State like Malaysia has it ain jurisprudence against Homosexual and the punishment for homosexual individual would be all right or 2 old ages imprisonate or both. Harmonizing to The Islam Society of North America, Dr. Muzammil Siddiqi, said: Homosexuality is a moral upset, a wickedness and corruptionaˆÂ ¦ No individual is born homosexual, merely like no 1 is born a stealer, a prevaricator or liquidator. Peoples get these evil wonts due to a deficiency of proper guideance and instruction. He besides said: There are many grounds why it is forbidden in Islam. Homosexuality is unsafe for the wellness of the persons and for the society. It is a chief cause of one of the most harmful and fatal diseases. It is scandalous for both work forces and adult females. It degrades a individual. Islam teaches that work forces should be work forces and adult females should be adult females. Homosexuality deprives a adult male of his manhood and a adult female of her muliebrity. It is the most un-natural manner of life. Homosexuality leads to the devastation of household life. In short, he really seeking to turn out that homosexualism is incorrect in Is lam and besides non healthy. All Islamic schools of idea and law consider homosexual acts to be improper but they differ in footings of punishment: School Location Punishment Hanfite South A ; Eastern Asia No physical penalty Hanbalites Arab universe Severe penalty Shafi Arab universe Minimum of four grownup male needed for informant before one is found guilty of homosexualism Decision, in Islam, it is clear that homosexual is incorrect and can non be accepted and pratise by Muslim and there is penalty of Muslim who practise. The punnishment besides differ in schools and Muslim who belong to a specific school will undergo the punishment that is warranted br that peculiar school. Christian position about Homosexual As Bible is the Holy Book for Christians, the Bible had talk about homosexualism in some poetries. Below is the illustration of some the poetries: Genesis 19:1-13 In this poetries, a narrative is mentioned here which is believed to hold a close relation with homosexual. The narrative is chiefly approximately two angels came to the metropoliss of Gomorah and Sodom. This metropoliss is full of sexual activities including homosexual activities and the people here is dominated by lecherousness. The people of this metropoliss come to cognize about the two angels is remaining in Lot s house and they want to hold sexual intercourse with them ( New Jerusalem Bible ) . After some arguements between Lot and the people, the two angel said to Lot that the ground the came to the metropoliss and it was to destruct the metropoliss which is ordered by Lord Leviticus 18:22-30 A ; Leviticus 20:13 The Book of Leviticus contains ordinances for workship and chiefly speak about the manner to Christian should populate and workship God. In these poetries, Book of Leviticus references about homosexual. There are other verse talk about this subject or related to this subject such as Roman 1:24-32. Unfortunately, some broad Christian do non take Bible as God s words or the narrative that teach the manner to populate but these Christian return Bible as a record by human. This belief is the ground why some Christian accept Homosexual eventhough it is stated clearly that Homosexual is incorrect in Bible. Homosexuality is accepted by some Christian denomination and the acception of homosexual twosome can be catogeries into allows as members, ordains, blesses brotherhood and marries. These are Homosexual acception of some denomiation: Denomiation Allows as members Ordains Blesses Union Marries Methodist Yes No No No Roman Catholic Church Yes ( but may perchance be denied sacraments since it varies ) No ( celibate homosexual work forces besides non to be ordained, adult females are restricted regardless of orientation ) No No Episcopal Yes Yes Yes Yes ( allows Bishops to make up ones mind ) [ Beginning from: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominational_positions_on_homosexuality ] Every Christianity denomiation have their ain grounds on why they adapt this type of acception on Homosexual. In conlusion, most of Chritianity denomiation does non accept homosexually to the full and Christian is bounded to his or her denomiation to mention on homosexual. However, in Bible, it is stated in many poetries that can be interpreted that homophile is incorrect and prohibited. Buddhism position about homosexual Buddha did non go forth any instruction neither about homosexual orientation nor homosexual behavior. He promote his follower to prove the truthness of spiritual learning before accepting them ; be a lamp onto yourself . Buddhism Teachs to make thing that utile and helpful, based on good purpose and and freedom from injury. There are some statements made from basic Buddhist priciples, which is Buddha s Eightfold Path. The second of the eight stairss is called as Samma sankappa: right thought or right resoluteness. When this measure is related to sexual behavior, it is explained as that it is non allowed to prosecute with enjoyable activities such as onanism and besides injury another individual. Other than that, 4th measure of the eight measure, Samma Kammanta ; right behavior or right behavior besides been related with sexual behavior. This measure is explained as that safe sex should be practise to avoid go throughing STDs which may do decease, engage with lone sex that has common consent, and avoid improper sex. From here, harmonizing to basic Buddhist rule, we can state that homosexual can be practise except if there is no common consent or it is improper and besides safe sex is non practise. Theravada Buddhism is one of the largest division of Buddhism. Theravada Buddhists say that if a relationship gives out felicity and wellbeing to both parties, so it is positive and can be accepted. Kerry Trembathe commented that Buddhist leaders grouped coercive sex, sexual harashment, child molestation and criminal conversation as sexuall misconduct but heterosexual and homosexual sex are accepted. Kerry Thembathe concludes: Unfortunately, it can non be said that homophiles in states where Buddhists are in the bulk are any more free from bias and favoritism than they are in other states. Everywhere it has taken root, Buddhism has absorbed facets of the dominant civilization, and this has sometimes been to its hurt. Neither is it true to state that people who espouse Buddhism are themselves any more free from prejudiced positions than those of other persuasions. However it is clear that there is nil in the Buddha s instructions to warrant disapprobation of homosexualism or homosexual Acts of the Apostless. It seems to me that many homosexuals and tribades, peculiarly in Western states, are drawn to Buddhism because of its tolerance and its reluctance to pull stiff moral lines, although of class I have no difficult grounds for this. The same rules would be used to measure all relationships and sexual behavior, whether heterosexual or homosexual. [ Beginning from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.relig ioustolerance.org/hom_budd.htm ] Hinduisme position about homosexual Homosexuality is a controversial issue within Hindus ecspecialy among Hindus in states where homosexually is accepted by and large. The celebrated Kama Sutra explained that homosexual sex is to be engaged in for its ain interest as humanistic disciplines. There are arguement is done on this subject against the Hinduism s instructions on sex, love and matrimony. In Hinduism, love is an external force which is of import to achieve Moksha. Erotic desire or Kama in Hinduism is one of the most legimate pleasances on Earth, nevertheless prenuptial sex and adulterous sex is prohibited. This is summarise of the arguemnt. Some people does non hold to accept homosexual and these are their points: Romantic love of course between work forces and adult females and it is impossible for homosexual people to see this love. Then, homosexual is a signifier of lecherousness ; since lecherousness is non right, therefore homosexual activities are non right. One of the three maps of matrimony is Prajaa, the offspring for prolongation of one s household. A homosexual twosome can non reproduce, and therefore can non be married. Since homosexual twosomes can non get married, they can non prosecute with sexual intercourse as premaritel and adulterous sex is incorrect. At the counter portion, they have their ain points and these are the points: There is no prove that show love is between work forces and adult females in Hindu. Therefore, it is non true. Hence, homosexual twosome can see love and non crave at all clip. The three maps of matrimony is from Dharma Shastras, books that non adhering to Hindus. Prajaa may be interpreted in a figure of ways that do non affect reproduction at all even if the three map is related to marriage. Thus homophiles should be allowed to get married. A loving relationship is encouraged to hold sexual look since it is non expreesion of lecherousness but love. Therefore, homosexual is loving relationship should let to show their love sexually. Sikhism position about Homosexuality The Guru Granth Sahib, The highest authorization in Sikhism, kept silent on homosexual subject, nevertheless there are parts of Guru Granth Sahib that have been interpreted that homosexual is incorrect. The five stealers that should avoided by Sikhs ; Pride ( aHankar ) , Anger ( Krodh ) , Greed ( LobH ) , Lust ( Khaaam ) and Attachment ( MoH ) are statedin the Guru Granth Sahib. Many Sikhs believe that homosexual is a merchandise of lecherousness, therefore homosexual is out. In mention to Sikhism s rejection on Indian caste system, Sikhs that born or raised in states that tolerant to homosexual describe homophile is the new Untouchables . These Sikhs besides believe that Guru Nanak s emphasisation on cosmopolitan quality and brotherhood supports homosexual rights. Any alternate manner of life is prohibited in household life ; one of Sikhism s most implicit in values. Most of Sikhs assume that this means homosexual is prohibited. Most of Sikh will seek to get the better of homosexual feeling by believing it is lust and marry opposite sex individual. This makes a belief that no homosexual Sikh. But those Sikh who support homosexual, say that household populating value is non merely for heterosexual twosome but besides applicable for homosexual twosome. In decision, most Sikh do non rehearse homosexual, nevertheless there is some Sikh who support the arguement about homosexual is non incorrect and pratise it. Decision Religion Acception of Homosexual Muslimism Not Accepted but a minority people accept homosexual and they have their ain arguement. Christian In Bible, homosexual is prohibited. Depend on Christianity denomiation whether homosexual is accepted or non and besides the grade of acception. Hindism A controversual issue ; some accept and some non and they have their ain arguement on their acception. Buddhism Alike as Hinduism ; some accept but some non. Sikhism Most of Sikh do non accept but a minority people accept it.

Past, Present, and Future Are Simple Tenses

Past, Present, and Future Are Simple Tenses Simple tenses in English are used to make basic statements about habits, events that happened, or what will happen in the future.   Present Simple The present simple is used to express daily routines and habits. Adverbs of frequency such as usually, sometimes, rarely, and so on are often used with the present simple. This tense is often used with the following time expressions including adverbs of frequency: Always, usually, sometimes, etc.Every dayOn Sundays, Tuesdays, etc. Positive Subject present tense object(s) time expression Frank usually takes a bus to work.I cook dinner on Fridays and Saturdays.They play golf on weekends. Negative Subject do/does not (dont/doesnt) verb object(s) time expression They dont often go to Chicago.He doesnt drive to work.You dont usually get up so early. Question (Question Word) do/does subject verb object(s) time expression How often do you play golf?When does she leave for work?Do they understand English? The present simple is also used about facts that are always true. The sun rises in the east.Dinner costs $20.Speaking languages improves your chances to get a job. The present simple can also be used to speak about scheduled events, even if those events are in the future: The train leaves at 6 oclock.It doesnt begin until 8 p.m.The plane lands at 4:30. The present simple is also used in future time clauses to say when something will take place: We will have lunch when they arrive next week.What will you do after he makes his decision?They wont know the answer before she comes next Tuesday. Past Simple The past simple is used to express something that happened at a past point in time. Remember to always use a past time expression, or a clear contextual clue when using the past simple. If you do not indicate when something happened, use the present perfect for unspecified past. This tense is often used with the following time expressions: AgoIn year/monthYesterdayLast week/month/yearWe Positive Subject past tense object(s) time expression I went to the doctors yesterday.She bought a new car last week.They played tennis when they were in high school. Negative Subject did not (didnt) verb object(s) time expression They didnt join us for dinner last week.He didnt attend the meeting.I didnt finish the report two weeks ago. Question (Question Word) did subject verb object(s) time expression When did you buy that pullover?How often did you drive to Los Angeles?Did they study for the test yesterday? Future Simple The future with will is used to make future predictions and promises. Often the precise moment the action will occur is unknown or not defined. The future simple is also used to react to situations that happen at the moment. This tense is often used with the following time expressions: SoonNext month/year/week Positive Subject will verb object(s) time expression The government will increase taxes soon.She will give a presentation next week.They will pay for the course in three weeks.   Negative Subject will not (wont) verb object(s) time expression She wont help us much with the project.I wont help him with that problem.We wont buy that car. Question (Question Word) will subject verb object(s) time expression Why will they reduce taxes?When will this film end?Where will he stay next week?

Cornflake Production Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cornflake Production - Assignment Example The main production raw material for production of cornflakes is definitely maize crop (hybrid yellow and white corns) that is widely available in most countries. Most maize producing countries currently produce nearly 7,700metric tons of maize.   Sugar is also another raw material that is used in production of corn flakes together with other ingredients such as cocoa powder and food flavors, all of which are extensively available. Machinery and Equipment such as Storage (Silo), Extruder Cooker, Mixer, Coating Machine, Packaging Machine, Storage Bin, and Laboratory Equipment are also needed as relevant materials in cornflakes production. Land as a means production is also required. The production plant can be sited on an approximated land space of  close to 1 Plot including space assigned to office buildings and facilities. According to (Gupta & Engineers India Research Institute, 2003), the appropriate site for the envisaged production plant should be nearer to major corn growin g regions or urban Market. For a bigger production capacity of this sort, the choice of production shall require an entirely automated system in all steps-in the production, packaging and boxing (KlemesÃŒÅ', Smith & Kim, 2008). As such, for the capacity of production visualized by the production plant under study, such a choice of technology is feasible. Below are the steps involved: In this process the corn kernels are removed from the cobs and are turned into flaking sized ‘grits’. Here, malted barley may be added to improve the flavor of the Cornflakes. In the cylinder below, the corn grits are cooked inside steam pressure cookers (temperatures exceeding 100C). Energy used here is about 13.5 kJ/kg. This cooking process goes for an hour and it softens the hard grits. Throughout cooking additional water is added in form of steam that condenses raising the water content

Scripture Inerrancy Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scripture Inerrancy - Thesis Proposal Example (The CRI Voice, 2006) From the era that such reservations were raised, Christian scholars and even ordinary historians have come clear with findings, facts and proof that try to confirm the perfection of the bible. Scripture inerrancy therefore has to do with the belief that the bible is free from any errors. The justifications given as far as accuracy of the scriptures is concerned are varied. For example Rhodes (2004) uses several instances of Jesus’ view of the bible to explain why the bible could be regarded as accurate. Some of his defense has to do with Divine Inspiration: Matthew 22:43; Indestructibility: Matthew 5:17-18; Infallibility: John 10:35; Final Authority: Matthew 4:4,7,10; Historicity: Matthew 12:40; 24:37; Scientific Accuracy: Matthew 19:2-5; Factual Inerrancy: John 17:17; Matthew 22:29; Christ-Centered Unity: Luke 24:27; John 5:39; Spiritual Clarity: Luke 24:25; Faith and Life Sufficiency: Luke 16:31. The research design to be employed for this study will be survey research. Research Connections (2011) explain that â€Å"Survey research is a commonly used method of collecting information about a population of interest.† In this study, the population of interest will be Christianity; whereby scripture inerrancy shall be bought under strict scrutiny. The sample population shall be a group of Christian scholars, historians and critics of scripture inerrancy. These three categories of participants will help in ensuring fairness and balance in data collection and presentation of facts in the study. This is to say that the inclusive of critics is necessary in bringing about fairness in the line of argument. There shall be two major data collection procedures, which will be primary data collection and secondary data collection. Secondary data collection will deal with the collection of data from existing literature on