tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45090296321322294032024-03-13T04:19:07.599-07:00Common application essay helpBiology Argumentative Research Paper Topicsjudyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-88115024169928717242020-08-24T02:41:00.001-07:002020-08-24T02:41:03.484-07:00The Connection Between Ernest Hemingway And Nature free essay samplejudyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-6725154772619632182020-08-22T00:21:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:21:24.868-07:00Ready Mix Concrete Essay Example For StudentsPrepared Mix Concrete Essay Task CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND TECHNOLOGY READY MIX CONCRETE SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: PROF. SACHIN JAIN SONABH DHARIWAL VARUN GOEL INTRODUCTION: Ready-blend concrete is a sort of solid that is fabricated in a manufacturing plant or clumping plant, as indicated by a set formula, and afterward conveyed to a worksite, by truck mounted travel blenders. This outcomes in an exact blend, permitting claim to fame solid blends to be created and executed on building destinations. The primary prepared blend production line was worked during the 1930s, however the business didn't start to extend essentially until the 1960s, and it has kept on developing from that point forward. Prepared blend concrete is now and again favored over on location solid blending due to the exactness of the blend and decreased worksite disarray. Nonetheless, utilizing a pre-decided solid blend diminishes adaptability, both in the flexibly chain and in the real segments of the solid. Prepared Mixed Concrete, or RMC as it is prominently called, alludes to solid that is explicitly fabricated for conveyance to the clients building site in a newly blended and plastic or unhardened state. Solid itself is a blend of Portland concrete, water and totals containing sand and rock or squashed stone. In customary work destinations, every one of these materials is obtained independently and blended in determined extents at site to make concrete. Prepared Mixed Concrete is purchased and sold by volume typically communicated in cubic meters. RMC can be specially crafted to suit various applications. Prepared Mixed Concrete is fabricated under PC controlled activities and moved and set at site utilizing refined gear and strategies. Concreteââ¬â¢s normal shading is dim. Its supported uses are utilitarian. Its very pervasiveness makes it mix away from plain sight. Be that as it may, prepared blend concrete has one momentous trademark: other than fabricated ice, maybe no other assembling industry faces more prominent vehicle boundaries. The transportation issue emerges in light of the fact that prepared blend concrete the two has a low worth to-weight proportion and is exceptionally perishableââ¬it completely should be released from the truck before it solidifies. These transportation boundaries mean prepared blended cement must be created close to its clients. For a similar explanation, remote exchange prepared blended cement is basically nonexistent. This article is a prologue to the fundamentals of the market for prepared blend solid, concentrating primarily on its buyers and its makers in the United States, yet with incidental correlations with different nations when complexities are valuable. INDUSTRY HISTORY AND BACKGROUND: Ready-blended concreteââ¬â¢s universal use as a structure material is to a great extent a result of two favorable circumstances. It is modest. It likewise permits incredible decent variety in plan and capacity, on the grounds that in its liquid structure, it tends to be filled molds of any shape. Concreteââ¬â¢s shortcoming, truly, is that while it is sensibly solid when bearing compressive (pushing) loads, it is a request for greatness more vulnerable in its capacity to manage malleable (pulling) powers. Concrete was normally utilized as a structure material all through the twentieth century, yet when the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association was established in 1930, just a bunch of prepared blended plants worked in the United States. The standard practice at the time was for development firms to blend their own solid at the place of work utilizing sacked concrete and totals the temporary workers bought themselves. (This training stays regular in creating nations. ) However, with the wartime modern and government working during the 1940s and the lodging and interstates building blast that followed, interest for prepared blended rose adequately to exploit the scale economies of particular offsite solid blenders. By 1958, the primary year wherein the business was viewed as a different four-digit producing industry in the Standard Industrial Classification framework, there were 3,657 prepared blended solid plants. Since that time, the industry has kept on developing, yet with intermittent recessionary misfortunes. In the course of recent years, the industry has been moving from one commanded by single-plant firms to one where multi-plant tasks are getting progressively normal. In 1958, around 3,100 firms claimed the 3,657 prepared blended plants. By 2002, the quantity of industry plants had expanded to 5,570, however the quantity of industry firms had fallen underneath 2,600 (U. S. Statistics, 1963 and 2006a). This solidification is reflected in the business fixation estimates found in Table 1. In 1958, the biggest four firms in the business represented just 4 percent of yield, and the biggest 50 firms a negligible 21 percent. The undifferentiated from values for 2002 were separately 11 and 42 percent, despite everything low contrasted with most assembling enterprises, yet generously higher than prior qualities. Notwithstanding, these national focus measures downplay fixation inside individual geographic markets, which as a result of the high transportation expenses of solid, better mirrors the serious condition industry producerââ¬â¢s face. A TYPICAL READY-MIXED CONCRETE PLANT: The assembling procedure for prepared blended cement can be roughly analogized to making mud pies, with the exception of a regular bunch of ââ¬Å"batterâ⬠gauges 20-40 tons and the yield is conveyed to clients in $150,000 vehicles. The plants where these pies are made are ordinarily Spartan issues, even as assembling offices go. They incorporate offices for taking care of crude materials, normally including steel concrete storehouses (concrete must be shielded from dampness noticeable all around, in case it solidify rashly), open heaps of total (sand, rock and rock) arranged by size, a compensation loader and transport framework for moving total, and a water source. There is additionally frequently a structure with constrained office space and rooms that house controls for the batcherââ¬the hardware that gauges and feeds the different fixings into the blending receptacle. The canister sits n a raised structure to permit drivers to pull the blender trucks, which are the other key bits of capital gear found at prepared blended plants, underneath for stacking. Numbers from the 2002 Census of Manufactures, the most recent for which far reaching information are accessible, offer a feeling of the financial size of a run of the mill prepared blended plant. The normal estimation of crude materials stock close by a t a plant was $81,000. The normal book estimation of its capital stock (the two structures and hardware) was $2. million, and mean yearly deals were $3. 9 million. This run of the mill plant had 18 representatives, 14 of whom were viewed as creation laborers (which incorporate truck drivers). FIRM STRUCTURE: Construction industry was profited by Ready-blend Concrete right from its initiation during the late 40ââ¬â¢s. This innovation has from that point forward developed in a major manner in Europe and USA, expending over 60% of the concrete delivered. In the coming years, Ready-blend Concrete industry in India is probably going to expend over 5% of the concrete created. In spite of the industryââ¬â¢s advance toward combination, several prepared blended firms are as yet single-plant tasks. In 1997, the latest year for which such information were accessible, these makers represented 44 percent of industry plants and 80 percent of its organizations. Prepared blended solid plants, regardless of whether in single-plant firms or not, are typically exceptionally particular. Plants in the business manufacture hardly any precast solid items; notwithstanding similitudes in precast concreteââ¬â¢s creation process and that a definitive purchasers in the development business are regularly the equivalent. Well more than 90 percent of prepared blended plant incomes originate from prepared blended deals, which means single-plant firms in the business infer most by far of their incomes from their essential item. Plants making pre-assembled solid items are comparatively spent significant time in those items, with under 10 percent of their incomes represented by prepared blended deals (U. S. Evaluation Bureau, 2006b). Multi-plant firms with prepared blended solid activities will in general be increasingly broadened, yet their enhancement comes through claiming plants in different ventures. These can be pre-assembled solid tasks, concrete plants, or sand and rock mines. In 1997, about portion of the prepared blended plants that were claimed by multi-unit firms were possessed by firms that additionally worked plants in different ventures other than prepared blended cement. Along these lines, broadening among bigger firms isn't widespread, since the other portion of plants in multi-unit firms are possessed by organizations that are prepared blended experts. Innovative CHANGE: The essential procedure for preparing blended cement has not changed for as far back as 60 years: dry crude materials are estimated, stacked into a receptacle, blended, set into a truck, and water is included (now and then the request for the last two stages is traded). The unobtrusive innovative advances that have happened in the business have come in five regions. The primary change is computerized clumping frameworks. Batchingââ¬the procedure of gauging and blending the crude materials before they are stacked on the truckââ¬was once a manual activity. An administrator would precisely control the container entryways that controlled the progression of crude materials into the focal blending canister, gauging every part while continuing, frequently by eye on a simple scale. Robotized grouping frameworks, where an administrator inputs the ââ¬Å"recipeâ⬠for a prepared blended bunch into an electronic control framework that handles the gauging and blending tasks consequently, started diffusing through the business during the late 1970s and mid 1980s. A subsequent change is the considerable increment in the limit of solid trucks. A 1953 guidelines distribution portrayed guaranteed blending trucks extending in limits from 2. 5 to 7. 5 cubic years (National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, 1953), with standard limits at the time being 3. 0 to 4. 0 cubic yards. Today, the commonplace tr judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-42178310297179920042020-07-16T14:51:00.001-07:002020-07-16T14:51:02.916-07:00How to Deal With Low Frustration ToleranceHow to Deal With Low Frustration Tolerance Stress Management Management Techniques Print How to Deal With Low Frustration Tolerance By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on February 04, 2020 Luis Alvarez / Digital Vision / Getty Images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Physical Techniques Relaxation Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress In This Article Table of Contents Expand Consequences Causes Signs Strategies View All Back To Top Frustration is an emotion that stems from challenges that stand in the way of goals. The ability to deal with frustration is known as frustration tolerance. Individuals with high frustration tolerance are able to deal with setbacks successfully. Individuals with low frustration tolerance may grow frustrated at seemingly minor, everyday inconveniences like traffic jams and noisy kids. Individuals with low frustration tolerance may give up on tough tasks immediately. The mere thought of having to wait in line or work on a task that they donât understand may feel intolerable. If you fall on the low tolerance end of the frustration tolerance spectrum, it may cause some problems in your life. Fortunately, there are some things you can do to improve your frustration tolerance. Consequences Frustration tolerance is a core component of psychological well-being.?? Individuals who can handle setbacks are more likely to persist at their goals, which can help them feel good and achieve more. Those with low frustration tolerance may give up easily or avoid tough tasks altogether. It can take a serious toll on their achievement. It can also affect relationships. Individuals with low frustration tolerance might be more likely to lash out when theyâre frustrated. They may have little patience for their partnersâ behavior or their intolerance to everyday situations (like waiting for a table at the restaurant), and this can lead to increased tension in the relationship. Causes There are several reasons why some people struggle with low frustration tolerance: Mental illness. Mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, can decrease a personâs frustration tolerance.?? Studies have also found that individuals with ADHD tend to have less tolerance for frustration as well.Personality. Personality also plays a role in frustration tolerance. Some people naturally tolerate frustrating circumstances better than others.Belief systems. An individualâs beliefs also play a role in how well they tolerate frustration. A person who thinks things like âLife should be easy,â or âOther people should always meet my expectations,â will be less tolerant of everyday stressors than someone else. Signs Low frustration tolerance looks a little different in everyone. But here are some common signs: Frequent procrastination due to an inability to tolerate the frustration associated with a tough or boring taskImpulsive attempts to âfixâ a situation due to impatience rather than waiting for the issue to correct itselfExaggerating temporary discomfortInsisting on pursuing immediate gratificationGiving up immediately when presented with a challenge or obstacleGrowing irritable or angry about everyday stressorsThinking or insisting, âI canât stand this.âAvoiding tasks that might cause distress Build Frustration Tolerance Frustration tolerance can be learned. With practice and consistent dedication, you can decrease the intensity of your frustration, and you can learn to express your feelings in socially appropriate ways. Here are some strategies that can help you build frustration tolerance. The 6 Stages of Behavior Change Accept Tough Situations Feelings of frustration get fueled by thoughts like âThese things always happen to me!â or âWhy does traffic have to be so bad every day? This is horrible.â Respond to exaggeratedly negative statements with more realistic statements. Instead of thinking about the unfairness of traffic jams, remind yourself, âThere are millions of cars on the road every day. Traffic jams are going to happen.â When you catch yourself dwelling on the unfairness of life, consider whether itâs a situation you can change or whether you need to change the way you respond to it. If the situation is outside of your control, then focus on acceptance. Give Yourself a Pep Talk Frustration can stem from doubting your inability to tolerate distress. Thinking âI canât stand to wait in line,â or âI am too overwhelmed to try again,â will increase your frustration. These types of thoughts can also prevent you from doing tasks that might lead to feelings of frustration. Remind yourself that you can cope with distressing feelings. Whether you take a deep breath and try again, or you count to 10 when youâre feeling upset, experiment with coping skills that will help you deal with frustration in a healthy way. 40 Coping Skills That Will Help You Fight Stress Learn How to Calm Your Body Feelings of frustration can lead to physiological symptoms, like increased heart rate and higher blood pressure. The changes in your body might cause you to doubt your ability to deal with frustration, which can lead to a vicious cycle thatâs hard to break. Knowing how to calm your body can be key to calming your mind. Deep breaths, meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, and physical activity can help you manage the physical symptoms of frustration in a healthy way. Experiment with different relaxation strategies until you discover what works for you. Then, when your feelings of frustration begin to rise, you can spring into action and calm your body before your symptoms become too intense. Practice Tolerating Frustration Just like any other skill, frustration tolerance requires practice. Start small, and work on practicing your skills. Purposely do something that is mildly frustrating, like working on a tough puzzle or waiting in a long line. Manage your self-talk, and use healthy coping skills to deal with your feelings. When you are successful at managing your frustration, youâll gain confidence in your ability to tolerate distress. Over time, you can gradually expose yourself to more and more frustrating situations. A Word From Verywell While you might be tempted to assume that you were simply born with a short fuse, your low frustration tolerance doesnât have to be permanent. You can take steps to build this tolerance, which could improve the quality of your life. So if youâre having difficulty improving your frustration tolerance on your own, or if it seems to be a symptom of a bigger issue, then talk to a mental health professional. Treatment may range from talk therapy and addressing thoughts that fuel your frustration, to considering medication that treats underlying issues like depression. judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-18464390212212069472020-05-21T14:58:00.001-07:002020-05-21T14:58:04.425-07:00Criminal Law Murder - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1502 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? Criminal Law Murder The most serious offence that Marion could be charged with is the murder of Spike and Toby. Murder is defined in law as causing the death of a human being within the Queens peace with the intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm. Therefore murder comprises of two elements, these are 1) the act (actus reus) and 2) the intention (mens rea). Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Criminal Law Murder" essay for you Create order Since the implementation of the Law Reform (Year and a Day Rule) Act 1996 it is not necessary for the death to occur within a year and a day of the act or omission. The first element to be satisfied is the actus reus and causation. Marion clearly performed the act of setting fire to Spike and Tobys flat but did this cause the deaths of both Toby and Spike? The accuseds act does not necessarily need to be the sole or even the main cause of death, it is required that the accused act made a significant contribution to the consequences as stated in R v Cheshire . Toby was pronounced dead at the scene of the fire and there is no information suggesting there was an alternative cause of death. Therefore it is clear that smoke inhalation from the fire was a significant contribution to the cause of Tobys death. In the case of Spikes death it is slightly more complicated as the medical treatment he received may constitute an intervening act (novus actus interveniens) in the chain of causati on. In the authority of R v Jordan it was decided if medical treatment received is the sole cause of death and was grossly negligent the chain of causation will be broken. However, if the injury caused by the accused is the operative cause of the victims death the chain of causation will not be broken as confirmed in R v Smith . In Smith the facts concerned a barrack room brawl in which the accused had stabbed the victim; the victim had been dropped twice on the way to the medical room. The medical staff failed to recognise the extent of the victims injuries resulting in the victim sââ¬Ëdeath. The accuseds conviction for murder was upheld as the wound had been the operative cause of the victims death. in the case of R v Cheshire Beldam LJ stated ââ¬Å"it will only be in the extraordinary and unusual case that such treatment can be said to be so independent of the acts of the accused that it could be regarded in law as the cause of the victims death to the exclusion of the acc useds actâ⬠. Therefore in the case of Spikes death it will be considered if the fact that the life support machine was not properly connected was so independent of the injuries suffered from the fire. It is likely that the smoke inhalation from the fire will be considered as the operative cause of Spikes death and the element of causation will be satisfied. Therefore the elements of the actus rea and causation will be satisfied in case of Spike and Tobyââ¬Ës deaths In order for the mens rea of murder to be satisfied the prosecution must establish that the accused intended to kill or cause grievous bodily harm as stated in R v Moloney and confirmed in R v Hancock and Shankland and R v Woollin in the House of Lords. In Woollin the House of Lords decided the intention would be satisfied if death or serious injury was a virtually certain result of the accused action. However, there is no absolute magic formula, Lord Scarman stated in Hancock the more probable the consequences the more probable the accused foresaw it. Marion may contend that she only intended for Spike to be re-housed by the council and she had no knowledge that Toby was in the house. In the circumstances that an individual has the intention to commit a particular offence against a particular victim but actually commits that offence against another, the mens rea can be transferred to the actual victim. This principle is illustrated in the cases R v Mitchell and Attorney-Generals Reference No.3 of 1994 . In Mitchell the accused had been found guilty of manslaughter when he had deliberately punched a 72 year old man who had feel against an 82year old woman. As a result of the fall the 82 year old woman suffered a broken femur which required surgery, during the surgery the woman died due to complication that arose. The argument that the doctrine could only apply to the intended victim and not the actual victim were the same person was rejected by the Court of Appeal. Although the decisio n in Attorney-Generals Reference No.3 was reversed by the House of Lords the case illustrated that the question of mens rea is one of fact for the jury to decide. Therefore any malice towards Spike will be transferred towards Toby. Marion may claim the defence of provocation under section 3 of the Homicide Act 1957 as her act was in response to the intimidation and harassment inflicted by Spike. The test for provocation is one of two limbs, these are; 1) the subjective condition that the accused was actually provoked to lose his self control and 2) the objective condition that the reasonable man would have done so. Devlin J stated in Duffy Circumstances which induce a desire for revenge are inconsistent with provocation.a desire for revenge means that the person had time to thinkthat would negative a sudden temporary loss of self controlâ⬠. However, Lord Taylor in R v Ahluwalia concluded that a delay in reacting will be taken into account but it will not necessarily negate t he defence of provocation . The position currently is that killings that take place after a long period of provocation will be distinguished from cases of cumulative provocation. It can be that the last instance even if relatively minor can be a trigger as in Humphreys if the instance caused a loss of self control. Lord Tucker in Bullard v The Queen stated that the direction to the jury is that if they are not satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the killing is unprovoked the verdict is one of manslaughter. The current standard of the objective element is that having regard to the actual provocation and the gravity for the defendant, would an individual of the same age having the ordinary power of self control might have done what the defendant has done as stated in-G for Jersey v Holley and confirmed in R v James . It is clear that Marion suffered a loss of self control it may also be possible that Spikes last act of pretending to stab Marion will be viewed in light of the p revious harassment by Spike. In the circumstances that the Crown Prosecution Servicer or the jury are satisfied that Marion only intended for Spike to be re- housed she may be found guilty of constructive manslaughter. It will only be necessary or the prosecution to establish that Marion intended to start the fire not that she knew it was dangerous. The act will be deemed dangerous if a sober and reasonable person at the scene of the crime watching the unlawful act knowing what the defendant knows in the circumstances and seeing what the defendant sees would have foreseen the risk of some physical harm resulting there from as explained in R v Dawson .The court appeared to introduce a third element in to constructive manslaughter, this was that the accused act must be directed at the victim and likely to cause immediate injury. However, this was rapidly overturned for in R v Mitchell for the act must simply directed to another. In R v Goodfellow the accused had sent fire to his ho use with the intention of being re-housed by the council, the fire had resulted in the death of some of his family. The aimed at doctrine was rejected in favour of the act directed another test the accused was convicted of constructive and reckless manslaughter. In Andrew v DPP Lord Atkin stated ââ¬Å"of all crimes manslaughter appears to afford most difficulties of definition, for it concerns homicide in so many and varying conditions, it is submitted that the mens rea for the unlawful act of criminal damage should suffice. This was confirmed by the decision in R v G . As Marion clearly intended to set fire to Spikes flat it is likely that she will be found guilty of constructive manslaughter. In the unlikely event that Marion is found not guilty of constructive manslaughter the least serious offence that she could be liable for are under the Criminal Damage Act 1971 such as, intentionally or recklessly endangering life under section 1(3) and arson under section 1(3). Bibliography Elliot Quinn Criminal Law 7th Edition Pearson Education Limited Jonathan Herring Text, Cases and Materials on Criminal Law Third Edition Oxford publishing David Ormerod, Smith Hogan Criminal Law 12th Edition Oxford Blackstones Criminal Practice 2008 Oxford Norrie. A ââ¬Å"After Woollinâ⬠[1999] Crim LR 532 ââ¬ËLegislating the Criminal Code: involuntary Manslaughter, Law Commission No.237 [1996] judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-38543126950430911352020-05-06T23:27:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:27:35.745-07:00Laws On Preventing Child Abuse Essay - 1639 Words Before the mid-1900s, people believed parents should have absolute control of their children and husbands should have absolute control of their wives. They also believed they could own people. Since slavery was allowed, at least in the South, owners could beat their workersââ¬â¢many who were eight-year-olds. Laws on preventing child abuse have failed but there have been progressive, changing attitudes towards abuse. When the Civil War ended in 1865, the senate passed the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery, and the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act in 1986 prohibited child labor. Also, the legislative passed the Child Abuse Prevention Treatment Act (CAPTA) in 1974 stating that child abuse is a crime. However, now, abuse is more common than we actually think. Each day, parents mistreat their children at homes and even in public. Some parents, publically, gently slap the childrenââ¬â¢s back, but others go to the extent of vigorously pulling their hair and beating them up. People should intervene when a parent is hitting his child if the situation is getting out of hand, for example, if the parent is dragging her kid by the hair or if the child seems humiliated. People should interfere when a parent is harshly hitting her child because it could stop serious injury to her. Parents hit their children in public because theyââ¬â¢re ââ¬Å"discipliningâ⬠them for doing something wrong. However, some parents further hurt their children to the point where blood is shed. Christopher Mele,Show MoreRelatedThe Key Aspects Of The Relationship Between Poverty And The Greater Economic Hardship1514 Words à |à 7 Pagesbetween abuse and neglect and the greater economic hardship which will have an impact on poverty and how this affects the chance of a child being abused or neglected. Looking at the evidence it is clear to see that there is a strong link associated between poverty and a child suffering from abuse and neglect. Introduction and context According to NSPCC there are more than 50,000 children in the UK are abused and neglected annually, this estimates that there are 8 children suffering abuse for everyRead MoreThe First National Child Protection Legislation1434 Words à |à 6 Pages ââ¬Æ' Historical Justifications. In 1974, the first national child protection legislation, The Child Abuse Prevention and Treat Act (CAPTA) became effective to promote awareness to communities and states to engage in identifying and preventing child abuse (Stein 1984). 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Children are often defenseless and end up being taken advantage of and this can lead to abuse and neglect, including sexual, psychological, and physical abuse that cause short-term and long-termRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of The United States1175 Words à |à 5 PagesChild Abuse and Neglect in the United States David is a 10 years-old boy doing his homework at the kitchen table. The homework consisted of mathematical problems, a short reading and answer question, and memorizing the 50 Capitals of the United States. All the assignments for homework were due on Friday morning, so he quickly finished his homework so he could get to bed. Around 10:00 pm, Davidââ¬â¢s father came home from work, checked his sonââ¬â¢s homework and saw many errors. He immediately went up to judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-55014241509108472782020-05-06T08:03:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:03:52.661-07:00Alu Potol Industry of Bd Free Essays Chapter 1: Information Systems in Global Business Today [MIS -L10/e] Multiple Choices 1. When nearly all core business processes are digitally enabled, Correct Answer: the firm is more competitive and efficient. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Alu Potol Industry of Bd or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which business objective refers to the achievement of higher levels of efficiency and productivity? Correct Answer: Operational excellence 3. Which business objective refers to increasing a companyââ¬â¢s revenues while decreasing its costs? Correct Answer: Customer and supplier intimacy 4. Which of the following consists of all the hardware and software that a firm needs to achieve its business objectives? Correct Answer: Information technology 5. Data shaped into meaningful form are called Correct Answer: information. 6. Raw facts that have not been organized into a useful form are called Correct Answer: data. 7. Which activity of an information system converts raw input into a meaningful form? Correct Answer: Processing 8. Which activity of an information system helps an organization evaluate or correct the input stage? Correct Answer: Feedback 9. Computer literacy focuses primarily on: Correct Answer: a knowledge of information technology. 10. The responsibility for monitoring the daily activities of a business falls to this organizational level: Correct Answer: Middle management. 11. The worldââ¬â¢s largest and most widely used network is the Correct Answer: Internet. 12. The linkage of two or more computers together to share data or resources is called a(n): Correct Answer: network. 13. Which of the following could not be classified a complementary organizational asset required to optimize returns from information technology investments? Correct Answer: The Internet and telecommunications infrastructure. 4. The technical approach to information systems includes: Correct Answer: computer science, management science, and operations research. 15. Which of the following would not be classified as a technical approach to the study of information systems? Correct Answer: Economics True or False 1. Changes in the business environment such as new accounting laws are spurring the growth of digital information. Correct Answer: True 2. Business processes refer to the streamlining of standard operating procedures in order to eliminate bottlenecks. Correct Answer: False . There is a growing interdependence between a firmââ¬â¢s ability to use information technology and its ability to implement corporate strategies and achieve corporate goals. Correct Answer: True 4. The more intimacy a business can create with its suppliers, the more it can lower costs. Correct Answer: True 5. Federal and state regulations can force a business to improve its information systems. Correct Answer: True 6. Information is defined as data that has been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings. Correct Answer: True 7. Information system input only captures data from inside the business but not from its external environment. Correct Answer: False 8. Members of the organization evaluate and correct inputs through feedback. Correct Answer: True 9. Computer literacy focuses on both people and technology. Correct Answer: False 10. Knowledge workers are engineers or architects who design products or services. Correct Answer: True 11. Each organization has a unique culture. Correct Answer: True 12. The Internet has created a universal technology platform that allows businesses to create new services. Correct Answer: True 13. Intranets and extranets use the same technology platforms as the Internet. Correct Answer: True 14. Complementary assets are those assets required to derive value from a secondary investment. Correct Answer: False 15. It can be said that ââ¬Å"all information systems are forms of behavioral systemsâ⬠. Correct Answer: False Essay 1. Provide an overview of the six business objectives of information systems. 2. Information systems produce the information that organizations need to make decisions, control operations, analyze problems, and create new products or services. Identify and describe the three activities found in information systems. 3. Explain the difference between computer literacy and information literacy. 4. Briefly describe how information systems influence organizations, people, and technology. 5. The study of information systems is a multidisciplinary field. Identify the six major disciplines that contribute problems, issues, and solutions to the study of information systems. Explain why no single theory or perspective dominates. Chapter 2: Global E-Business: How Businesses Use Information Systems Multiple Choices 1. Logically related sets of activities that define how business tasks are performed are called Correct Answer: business processes. 2. Which business function is responsible for providing customer service support? Correct Answer: Sales and marketing 3. Which business function is responsible for determining where to locate new plants? Correct Answer: Production and manufacturing 4. Which business function is responsible for tracking payroll transactions? Correct Answer: Accounting and finance 5. Which type of system tracks elementary activities of an organization? Correct Answer: Transaction processing system (TPS) . Which type of system produces reports on a regular schedule in a predetermined format? Correct Answer: Management information system 7. Which type of system is most often used for analyzing data? Correct Answer: Decision-support system 8. These systems address nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed-on procedure for arrivin g at a solution. Correct Answer: Executive support systems 9. Systems that span all functional areas and focus on executing business processes across the firm are called Correct Answer: enterprise applications. 0. Which system stores all organizational data in a single central data repository? Correct Answer: Enterprise system 11. Which of the following would not describe how a firm can benefit from supply chain management systems? Correct Answer: Control the actions of machines and equipment 12. Which type of enterprise application is specifically used to help a business increase sales? Correct Answer: Customer relationship management (CRM) system 13. Which type of enterprise application stores directories of employees with special areas of expertise? Correct Answer: Knowledge management system 14. This term refers to the use of digital technology and the Internet to execute the major business processes in an enterprise: Correct Answer: Electronic business. 15. Which person is responsible for the overall use of information technology in a large conglomerate? Correct Answer: Chief Information Officer (CIO) True/False 1. Business processes refer to the manner in which work is organized, coordinated, and focused to produce a valuable product or service. Correct Answer: True 2. Information systems enhance business processes by enabling entirely new processes that are capable of transforming the business. Correct Answer: True 3. A well-designed single system can provide all the information an organization needs. Correct Answer: False 4. A human resource system is designed to plan the long-term force needs of an organization. Correct Answer: True 5. Transaction processing systems are designed primarily to analyze data and provide periodic reports to middle managers. Correct Answer: False 6. Much of the data in management information systems comes from transaction processing systems (TPS). Correct Answer: True 7. Transaction processing systems generally are flexible and have tremendous analytical capabilities. Correct Answer: False 8. Decision support systems (DSS) often rely on information from external sources. Correct Answer: True 9. Executive support systems are designed to address nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight. Correct Answer: True 10. Transaction processing systems are the only system that uses portals to present information to senior executives. Correct Answer: False 11. Supply chain management (SCM) systems are designed to collect data from various key business processes and store the data in a single central data repository. Correct Answer: False 12. Customer relationship management (CRM) systems help firmââ¬â¢s identify, attract, and retain the most profitable customers. Correct Answer: True 13. Intranets are internal networks built with the same tools and communication standards as the Internet and are used for the internal distribution of information to employees. Correct Answer: True 14. Buying and selling goods and services over the Internet is referred to as e-commerce. Correct Answer: True 15. Computer programmers constitute the principal liaisons between the information systems group and the rest of the organization. Correct Answer: False Essay 1. What are ââ¬Å"business processesâ⬠? What purposes do they serve in the firm? 2. Explain the difference between a management information system and a decision-support system as they relate to middle managers. 3. Discuss the interrelationships among TPS, MIS, DSS, and ESS systems. 4. What is the function of a CRM system? 5. Businesses today are enabled by or based upon digital networks. What is meant by e-business and e-commerce? How to cite Alu Potol Industry of Bd, Essay examples judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-18268506768112649082020-04-25T09:27:00.001-07:002020-04-25T09:27:02.692-07:00The Road Not Taken Analysis Essay Example For Students The Road Not Taken Analysis Essay EXPLANATION: The Road Not Taken Line 1 In this line Frost introduces the elements of his primary metaphor, the diverging roads. We will write a custom essay on The Road Not Taken Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Back to Poem Lines 2-3 Here the speaker expresses his regret at his human limitations, that he must make a choice. Yet, the choice is not easy, since long I stood before coming to a decision. Back to Poem Lines 4-5 He examines the path as best he can, but his vision is limited because the path bends and is covered over. These lines indicate that although the speaker would like to acquire more information, he is prevented from doing so because of the nature of his environment. Back to Poem Lines 6-8 In these lines, the speaker seems to indicate that the second path is a more attractive choice because no one has taken it lately. However, he seems to feel ambivalent, since he also describes the path as just as fair as the first rather than more fair. Back to Poem Lines 9-12 Although the poet breaks the stanza after line 10, the central idea continues into the third stanza, creating a structural link between these parts of the poem. Here, the speaker states that the paths are really about the same. Neither path has been traveled lately. Although hes searching for a clear logical reason to decide on one path over another, that reason is unavailable. Back to Poem Lines 13-15 The speaker makes his decision, trying to persuade himself that he will eventually satisfy his desire to travel both paths, but simultaneously admitting that such a hope is unrealistic. Notice the exclamation mark after line 13; such a punctuation mark conveys excitement, but that excitement is quickly undercut by his admission in the following lines. Back to Poem Lines 16-20 In this stanza, the tone clearly shifts. This is the only stanza which also begins with a new sentence, indicating a stronger break from the previous ideas. The speaker imagines himself in the future, discussing his life. What he suggests, here, though, appears to contradict what he has said earlier. At the end of the poem, in the future, he will claim that the paths were different from each other and that he courageously did not choose the conventional route. Perhaps he will actually believe this in the future; perhaps he only wishes that he could choose ;the one less traveled by.; . judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-82371923847068163842020-03-18T05:01:00.001-07:002020-03-18T05:01:03.611-07:00Meet the Seven Celestial Sisters of the SkyMeet the Seven Celestial Sisters of the Sky à In the story Top 10 Cool Things in the Sky, you get a sneak peak at a little star cluster that is famous the world over. Its called The Pleiades and makes its best appearance in the night skies from late November to through March each year. In November, theyre up from dusk to dawn. This star cluster has been observed from nearly every part of our planet, and everyone from amateur astronomers with small telescopes to astronomers using Hubble Space Telescopeà has taken a shot of it.à Many of the worlds cultures and religions focus on the Pleiades. These stars have had many names and show up on clothing, flats, pottery, and artwork. The name we know these stars by now comes from the ancient Greeks, who saw them as a group of woman who were companions to the goddess Artemis. The seven brightest stars of the Pleiades are named after these women: à Maia, Electra, Taygete, Alcyone, Celaeno, Sterope, and Merope. There is a fascinating Wikipedia look at the Pleiades in different cultures here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades_in_folklore_and_literature.à So, What are the Pleiades to Astronomers? They make up an open star cluster that lies about 400 light-years away, in the direction of the constellation Taurus, the Bull. Its six brightest stars are relatively easy to see with the naked eye, and folks with very sharp vision and a dark sky sight can see at least 7 stars here. In reality, the Pleiades has more than a thousand stars that formed in the last 150 million years. That makes them relatively young (compared to the Sun, which is about 4.5 billion years old). Interestingly enough, this cluster also contains many brown dwarfs: objects too hot to be planets but too cold to be stars. As theyre not very bright in optical light, astronomers turn to infrared-sensitive instruments to study them. What they learn helps them determine the ages of their brighter cluster neighbors and understand how star formation uses up the available material in a cloud. The stars in this cluster are hot and blue, and astronomers classify them as B-type stars. Currently the core of the cluster takes up an area of space about 8 light-years across. The stars are not gravitationally bound to each other, and so in about 250 million years they will begin to wander away from each other. Each star will travel on its own through the galaxy. Their stellar birthplace probably looked largely like the Orion Nebula, where hot young stars are forming in a region of space about 1,500 light-years away from us. Eventually these stars will go their separate ways as the cluster moves through the Milky Way. Theyll become whats known as a moving association or a moving cluster.à The Pleiades appear to be passing through a cloud of gas and dust that astronomers once thought was part of their birth cloud. It turns out this nebula (sometimes called the Maia Nebula) is unrelated to the stars. It does make a pretty sight, though. You can spot it in the nighttime sky pretty easy, and through binoculars or a small telescope, they look spectacular! judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-6422737059634752672020-03-01T20:45:00.001-08:002020-03-01T20:45:02.481-08:00Even in Pot-Legal States, Federal Marijuana Laws RemainEven in Pot-Legal States, Federal Marijuana Laws Remain Even as more states legalize marijuana for recreational or medical uses, production, sale, and possession of marijuana in those states continue to be violations of federal drug laws. à And as the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) will, under certain circumstances, arrest and prosecute violators of federal marijuana laws even in pot-legal states. Background As of June 2015, Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, Washington, and the District of Columbia had enacted laws legalizing marijuana for both recreational and medical uses. In all, 23 states and the District of Columbia currently had enacted laws legalizing marijuana in some form. However, in a classic example of federalism at work, the GAO noted that the U.S. Attorneys will continue to prosecute cases that threaten federal marijuana enforcement priorities, despite state legalization laws. Just for the record, the current federal penalties for possession of up to 50 kilograms of marijuana or 1 to 49 marijuana plants range from up to 5 years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000 for a first offense, to up to 10 years in prison and a fine of up to $500,000 for a second offense. What are the Federal Marijuana Enforcement Priorities? Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) officials and U.S. Attorneys in six states with medical marijuana laws told GAO investigators that their decisions on enforcement and prosecution of federal marijuana laws were typically based on three main factors: Resources needed to target the most significant public health and safety threats, such as violence associated with drug-trafficking organizations;Addressing the concerns of local law enforcement agencies regarding detrimental social side-effects related to the growth of the commercial medical marijuana industry; and Resources need to implement the DOJââ¬â¢s current marijuana enforcement policy guidance. In an August 29, 2013 memo to all U.S. Attorneys, the DOJ made it clear that they should continue to use their ââ¬Å"limited investigative and prosecutorial resourcesâ⬠to ââ¬Å"rationallyâ⬠address what the DOJ considersà When are Federal Marijuana Laws Most Likely to Be Enforced? In most cases, enforcement and prosecution of federal marijuana laws in the marijuana-legal states has been and will continue to be focused on preventing the following significant threats: That marijuana will be distributed to minors.That revenue from the sale of marijuana will go to criminal enterprises, gangs and drug cartels.That marijuana from states where it is legal under state laws will be distributed in other states.That state-authorized marijuana operations will be used as cover for trafficking other illegal drugs, like cocaine or heroin.That violence and firearms will be used as part of the growing and distribution of marijuana.That drugged driving and other ââ¬Å"adverse public health consequencesâ⬠will result from the use of marijuana.That marijuana will be grown on public lands, like national parks, possibly endanger the pubic or government employees.That marijuana will be possessed or used on federally-controlled property. GAO Finds Problems With DOJs Enforcement Monitoring Process According to the GAO, the DOJ molds its marijuana enforcement policies by monitoring the effects of state marijuana legalization in two ways: First, the U.S. Attorneys consult with state law enforcement officials about the potential impacts of federal marijuana enforcement policies. Second, the DOJ consults with the Drug Enforcement Administration and other federal agencies, including the Office of National Drug Control Policy to assess the marijuana enforcement-related data those agencies provide. However, the GAO reported that DOJ had failed to document and report on the federal marijuana enforcement monitoring program as required by its own guidelines. ââ¬Å"Documenting a plan specifying its monitoring process would provide DOJ with greater assurance that its monitoring activities relative to DOJ marijuana enforcement guidance are occurring as intended,â⬠reported the GAO. Providing all of the appropriate federal agencies with a fully documented plan would help the U.S. Attorneys identify state enforcement that are and are not effectively protecting the eight federal enforcement priorities. The DOJ agreed with the GAOââ¬â¢s recommendation that it create and share a fully-documented plan specifying its process for monitoring the effects of state marijuana legalization. judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-5316143385735620952020-02-14T12:11:00.001-08:002020-02-14T12:11:02.556-08:00Law for the Built Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsLaw for the Built Environment - Essay Example 1.Professional Negligence: In Blemain case, it was held that where a professional employing his decision and skill fails to accomplish his obligations as per the standards anticipated from him, then he will be accountable for negligence. Under English Law, a valuer cannot be found to be fault for deriving an outcome which does not acknowledge some magnitude of error as held in Friedlander Ltd case. If a professional valuation is subjective in nature but deviation of more than ten percent to fifteen percent will be suggesting that there has been professional negligence as held in the above Friedlander case. Despite the fact that a valuation figure has been arrived at by an incorrect approach, or in the application of the approach, if, nevertheless, an acknowledgeable value has been arrived at, there may not be any adequate corroboration of actionable negligence since, in actual fact, no loss might have been borne on footing upon the decision held in Mount Banking Corp case. In Kenney case , an estate agent was held accountable for overstating negligently the value of a clientââ¬â¢s home. ... It is to be cautioned that coveyance deed executed between the Most Noble Bernard Marmatluke Duke of Norfolk ââ¬â( seller) and the buyer the Public Trustee and Henry Hardwick & Sons Limited on 31st July 1867 states that Matilda property was jointly owned by a public trust and Henry Harwick. It is unclear how land held by a public trustee jointly with Henry Hardwic & Sons Ltd can be later transferred by Henry Hardwick & Sons Ltd alone to Majesty Pony & Trap Services Ltd (buyer) on18th March 1911. In 1911, conveyance was made to Majesty Pony without the consent or authorisation of the Public trustee. Thus , a public trust is one, which owns inviolable privileges in some lands and in spite of the title ownership and that the government keeps some rights in such lands in trust for the public. Hence, transfer of title of land of Matilda property subsequently itself is void. As such, it is suggested to take appropriate legal opinion in this aspect before buying the Matilda property. 1. 2 Professionalââ¬â¢s personal Liability A personal duty of care is owed by a professionally qualified person who is tendering advice in his field of expertise to the person who relied on his advice as held in Merret case. The builder and the designer could be held accountable under professional negligence for employing construction materials, which proved to be not suitable or harmful to health under the s1 of the Defective Premises Act, 1972. Further, under s6 of the Health and Safety Works Act, 1974, there is duty imposed on manufacture of a product to make sure its safety for its usage at any work. Under s12 of the Buildings Act, 1984, quality construction materials should be used otherwise, judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-58882050125152886662020-02-01T20:25:00.001-08:002020-02-01T20:25:03.092-08:00Prison reform in Ghana Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsPrison reform in Ghana - Thesis Example Prisons are housed in old colonial forts. New structures are being built, but not fast enough. Since most of the population is economically poor many end up committing a crime. The poor are at the mercy of the gang members. The prisons are filled with violence, drugs, and corruption. The Ghana Prison Service is in charge of overseeing the prisons. While changes are being made, they are woefully inadequate. The problem becomes that the Ghana people are patterning a prison system after the British. This would be fine if the Ghana government had the resources of the British government. Since the country is one of the poorest in the world, their prison system cannot achieve the same goals as one of the richest countries in the world. The Ghana Prison System needs to create a correctional program based on their resources, culture, and needs. While this seems unlikely I can only hope for a better prison system in the future. I wish that all humans can be treated fairly, even those in West Africa. Ghana deserves to have their culture preserved in every aspect of their life, including their prison judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-89863094647130348812020-01-24T16:49:00.001-08:002020-01-24T16:49:03.537-08:00Stereotype of Politicians Breaking Promises Essay -- Politics PoliticaThe Promise Trap 28 September 1999 A common complaint about politicians--so common it's a stereotype--is that they break their promises. Audiences hear one thing, the politician seems to do another, and then the complaining begins. This scenario could be the result of miscommunication on the part of the politician or misinterpretation on the part of the audience. But the reality is more complex. Politicians do make promises, although they rarely use the word as the verb and themselves as the subject of the sentence. And audiences do hear promises being made and have a right to expect action if the concept of a promise still creates a bond, or a contract, between the one who promises and the one promised. Listen carefully, and you will hear the politicians running for the various presidential nominations making promises. Often, they will sound/read something like this promise from a recent speech by Steve Forbes: "Under my plan, that money is your money. If you die prematurely, you can leave it to your spouse, to your children, to your grandchildren - tax-free and untouched by the politicians. That's the moral thing to do, and that's the promise of a Forbes Administration." Here Forbes is talking about a plan to create more wealth for retirement. As the quote clearly states, this money would pass from generation to generation tax free. The pronoun "that" at the beginning of the first independent clause of the third sentence refers to the situation of the money passing on tax free--so this passing is the "moral" thing to do. The second "that" in the second independent clause is a tricky because it could refer to the same situation as the first clause, or it could refer a general moral situation that Forbes hopes t... ...ow going in that, in most cases, they cannot deliver specific promises. Yet they promise anyway in roundabout ways meant to create the contract in the minds of the audience while leaving an out when the "unhappy" outcome happens. Austin is clear about what he thinks of situations such as these. As he says: "'I promise' entails 'I ought'...to say 'I promise' but not to perform the act is parallel to saying both 'it is' and 'it is not.' Just as the purpose of assertion is defeated by an internal contradiction, the purpose of a contract is defeated if we say 'I promise and I ought not'" (51). Black is white. Night is day. Welcome to doublespeak. Works Cited Austin, J. L. How to Do Things With Words. Urmson, J. O. and Marina Sbisa, eds. Harvard UP, Cambridge, MA: 1975. DiClerico, Robert E. The American President. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 1995. judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-29352385858768808542020-01-16T13:13:00.001-08:002020-01-16T13:13:02.923-08:00Are electronic games a legitimate sportFirst of all I'd like to thanks you all for coming here today. My name is Yang Demount and I am from France. I am an exchange student In Nina university and I am majoring In business administration. Today we are going to ask ourselves if electronic games are a legitimate sport. I'd like to ask you to keep any questions you may have for the end of the presentation First of all, what is a sport? Sport: Definition Sport come from the middle aged word dessert, which mean distraction, physical or mental pleasureAccording to sport accord, the umbrella organization for all Olympics and non- Olympics sports, a sport is defined as an activity that have an element of competition is in no way harmful to any living creature do not rely on any ââ¬Å"luckâ⬠element specifically designed into the sport Now we are going to see what does make electronic games a sport. ? First, we have to say that we are going to take only a limited amount of video games Statecraft, warrant 3, data, league of le gend, counter strike, quake.I only selected ere video games I know, and which are played on computer. Also, I am going to refer Cybernetic Professional League World Cyber Games Major League Gaming Electronic Sports World Cup World exports Games CUP china now WAG Korea MOL North America SEWS France HEM Asia/clan There are also world championships specific to each game. For example, last Saturday, there where the final of league of legend In the staples center, In the united States Because there are competitions, there are also a lot of things which are like traditional sports.TEAM. On league of legend, the best one is SST TTL . Here are also coaches, and transfer between team, just like the football Mercado. Also, as you can see in the team name, there are many sponsors. For example, as I said, tam names are SST TTL, Samsung ozone and NANJING black sword, In league of legend. Those we call sportsman are those video games professionals. And they do train like professional. They play 1 0-12 hour a day at their game; they have a coach, speak about strategy, counter strategy, and practice hard to be on the top. Exactly likeMess and Ronald would do. Why video games are a mind game? There is a lot of data professional player have to learn by heart. For Statecraft for example, they have to lean all units strength and weaknesses, spells, they have to gather resources and watch their population Limit, create units to attack the enemy base and In the same teamwork and focus. Because electronic games do match the definition of sport, because chess are a mind sport and electronic games requires as preparation and focus than playing chess they have to be considered as a sport. judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-9958638368942023992020-01-08T09:35:00.001-08:002020-01-08T09:35:05.394-08:00Music As A Form Of Art - 1125 Words Music is an art to reflect humanââ¬â¢s emotion. It is the science or art of using tones and sounds in association and in temporal relationships to make construction having unity and continuity.It can be divided into classical music, pop music, folk music and instrumental music. In the types of art, music belongs to abstract art. Music can make people pleasant and bring enjoyment of auditory sense to people.Music refer to an art include melody, rhythm ,harmony vocal and instrumental sounds.There is no investigate to prove the specific time of music produced.However,human already know to use the level of intensity of sound to express their meaning and emotion.With the development of human society,the unified slogans and shout of transferring information were produced gradually.This is the original type of music.When people celebrate and share the gain, the often beat some stone and wood to express the feeling of joy,this is the original type of instrument. Music is a form of art which is expressed by sound. This is one of the fundamental characteristics of the art.Any of musical works is created by a composer carefully, these sounds can be found in nature,but they can not be music without composerââ¬â¢s creation and composition,no creative element, can not become any sound for music.Of all the art forms, music is the most adept at expressing emotions, it is better for music to express emotion, because it uses inductive material and aesthetic forms.There is a similarity betweenShow MoreRelatedMusic Is an Art Form1504 Words à |à 7 PagesTERM PAPER ââ¬Å"Music is generally perceived as the most universal of all art forms.â⬠The literal meaning of the word music according to any dictionary is: art of combining vocal or instrumental sounds in a harmonious or expressive way. But music has a meaning which is far broader than this. Music is life. Music means Self-expansion and oneness. It is an art by itself. 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These concepts: rhythm, tone, beat, melody, harmony, expression, and structure, are the fundamental parts of music. These parts of music, with all of its characteristics, has been proven throughout history to change views of most humans on earth regardless of age race, sex, and nationality. The creation of music is still disputed; however its early forms consisted of simple beats, rhythmsRead MoreDid the Impact of the Beatles Sgt Pepper Album Help Redefine Popular Music as a Culturally Significant Art Form?4164 Words à |à 17 PagesSgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band is first and foremost the album that gave rise to hopes of progress in pop music (The Times, 29 May 1967) Did the impact of the Beatles Sgt Pepper album help redefine popular music as a culturally significant art form? Summary of Assignment Choose an artist from the period 1900-1970 and to examine their relationship to the cultural and social framework of their era with reference to an important or influential album. Introduction In this essay IRead MoreThe Music Of Jazz Music1353 Words à |à 6 PagesTo define jazz music, one must scroll through the lexicon of words associated with the sound of jazz to come up with a description of the art form. Words such as smooth, cool, nice, swinging, and jazzy describe the art form. However, because of the vague definition of its sound, there is no one true definition of the art form. Jazz is an art form that cannot be restrained. Jazz is like watching Michael Jordan go up for an ordinary slam dunk, but in midair, he changes his mind to do something completelyRead MoreRomanticism in Music1653 Words à |à 7 Pagesearly twentieth century. Drastic changes in the arts took place over the course of this time period. During this movement, much emphasis was placed on emotion and imagination in the arts. Prior to the Romantic Period, music had been seen more as recreation and njoyment than as an integral part of culture. The term Romanticism was first used in England and Germany in reference to a form of literature. It soon after spread to music and the visual arts. Romanticism was largely a product of two importantRead MoreArt Songs and Schubert1542 Words à |à 7 PagesWhat is Art songs? The human voice is a natural instrument with unique capabilities. Speech and music have been combined since the earliest times, so that Song is probably one of the oldest musical forms. Simple definitions for song might be a piece of music performed by voice, with or without instrumental accompaniment, or a poem set to music. The German word for such classical song is Lied (singular) and Lieder (plural), so that you will hear the terms art song, lied and lieder used judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-11004275617142482292019-12-31T06:01:00.001-08:002019-12-31T06:01:03.437-08:00A Level Physics P5 tips - 2155 Words CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Compiled by Imran Mirza MSc Physics, PGCC, Scoland, Uk Planning Analysis And Evaluation A-level Physics This booklet covers CIE A Level Physics Paper 5 By Imran Mirza 2009-2011 Exam tips for Planning, Analysis and Evaluation paper By Imran Mirza Dont rush........ Three golden rules........ 1. Read the question 2. READ the question 3. Answer the question Make sure that you do not do what so many students do......they see a key c word like magnetic flux in a question and write down everything they know about magnetic flux, as fast as they can. Take your time..........there is more than you think! IT is forbidden........... Marks will not be awarded to answers which are unclear. Try to write aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦For full marks to be scored in this section, the overall arrangement must be workable, that is, it should be possible to collect the data required without undue difficulty if tie apparatus were assembled as described. The measuring instruments chosen should be fit for purpose, in that they should measure the correct physical quantity to a suitable precision for the experiment. Method Of analysis Candidates should be able to: â⬠¢ describe how the data should be used in order to reach a conclusion, including details of derived quantities to be calculated and graphs to be drawn as appropriate. Safety considerations Candidates should be able to: â⬠¢ assess the risks of their experiment; â⬠¢ describe precautions that should be taken to keep risks to a minimum. Additional detail Up to three marks will be available for additional relevant detail. How these marks are awarded will depend on the experiment that is to be planned, but they might for example include marks for ! describing the control of additional variables, or for a diagram of a circuit needed to make a particular measurement, or for additional safety considerations. j Analysis, conclusions and evaluationShow MoreRelated1. STROKE -OVERVIEW Stroke is one amongst the foremost distressing experiences that can happen to2300 Words à |à 10 Pageswhose height may be adjusted, and the body covering garment for carrying on the forearm. The garment connects to the brace employing a move joint. It will modify the angle between the flat of patients forearm and hand and therefore the horizontal level in [-90à °, 90à °]. A goniometer is hooked up on the joint to live the movement of forearm and hand. Fig 3: Sports RAC When victimizing the SportsRAC, patientââ¬â¢s area is positioned so the bruised limb is supported throughout the coaching judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-33110246062798329632019-12-23T01:47:00.001-08:002019-12-23T01:47:04.358-08:00An In-Depth Analysis on the Prescription of Stimulant... Stimulant medication could be the miracle drug, or the most harmful thing to hit the younger generations. Medications such as Adderall and Ritalin are playing a prominent role in many adolescentsââ¬â¢ lives, or the lives of people close to them. There is an ââ¬Å"underground marketâ⬠for medications like these, and the market is growing quickly. Whether just to make sure they pass that next test, or if they really believe they need it, stimulantsââ¬â¢ popularity is soaring, and not just among adolescents but doctors as well. Stimulant medication / therapy is being prescribed at a growing rate, leading to many cases of misuse and diversion that can severely affect the users entire life, and play a very unclear part in any other substance abuse theyâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Rather, they believe the largely inconclusive genetic results to be rather a sign of the way the patient was raised, and the culture they became a part of. Regardless, ADD and ADHD are being diagnos ed much more commonly than in previous generations, and with the growing popularity of prescribing this medication, an unprecedented number of adolescents and adults are already legally in possession. Without proper monitoring and education, illegal users may be impacted by their use for the rest of their lives. Some of the more common side effects include loss of appetite, restlessness, stomach aches, insomnia, headaches, and anorexia. Effects such as these, especially without proper monitoring by a medical professional, can be very severe, if not fatal. While practically all who take stimulants are at risk of this, the risk of complications goes up for someone tremendously once they take over the recommended dosage. Overdosing on stimulants like Ritalin or Adderall most reliably result in ââ¬Å"euphoria, delirium, confusion, toxic psychosis, and hallucinations,â⬠along with ââ¬Å"schizophrenic symptoms, manic-like states, psychoses, depressions (especially during withdrawal), and various types of anxiety conditions including panic statesâ⬠being commonly reportedShow MoreRelatedAdhd Research Critique2776 Words à |à 12 PagesADHD Research Critique The study titled ââ¬Å"Illicit use of Prescription ADHD Medications on College campuses, by DeSantis, Webb, Noar, (2008) from the Journal of American College Health,â⬠is both quantitative and qualitative in design, because the authors used mass surveys to gather statistics and in-depth interviews to collect personal information. The researchers used a multimethodological approach in order to gain the data that was needed to form the conclusion and other studies wereRead MoreEssay about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)2211 Words à |à 9 PagesAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Introduction Being focused on to the important aspects of life is one of the main functions of the brain. In some diseases or disorders this special function of the brain is either lost or diminished. One such disorder which diminishes the functions of the brain is the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This disorder was initially considered to affect only children but this is a misconception as this disorder is also noticed amongstRead MoreBruxism7725 Words à |à 31 Pagescom 1 Table of Contents Introduction ââ¬â What is Bruxism? What Happens if My Bruxism Is Not Treated? Chapter 1: About Bruxism How Do I Find Out if I Suffer From Bruxism? The Bite Strip Hair Analysis Chapter 2: What Causes Bruxism? Drug Induced Bruxism Amphetamines and Psycho Stimulants Antidepressants Bruxism Induced by Malocclusion Frustration, Lifestyle Stress and Anger Chapter 3: The Best Way to Sleep How you should be laying in your bed Chapter 4: Simple Relaxation Techniques Read MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words à |à 136 Pagesavailability. Excel file Belgium research provides detailed information related to Belgian psychologists that were found. The same counts for golf clubs. Extra information about Belgium includes Word documents containing information about Belgian ADHD support groups and Alzheimer s disease support groups, additional to this PDF files include information about patients with Mental Health problems in Belgium. These .pfd files are taken from Belgian federal statistics website. Unfortunately, not judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-86579388406445349612019-12-14T22:16:00.001-08:002019-12-14T22:16:04.012-08:00Legalizing Abortion Free Essays Topic: Abortion Question: Should abortion be legalized in East Africa? Claim: Yes, abortion should be legalized in East Africa. Outline: I. Introduction A. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalizing Abortion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Definition of the term B. Historical background II. Reasons A. Abortion helps in stability and minimizing the effects of poverty in a family. B. It helps in controlling the population of a country. C. It helps in preventing the deaths of women caused by illegal abortion. III. Unstated assumption: It is good to have a decrease in population because when population of a country increases, it may lead to decrease in the national income and economic growth, and increase in unemployment. IV. Opposing views A. Choosing adoption as an alternative to abortion. B. Abortion can lead to a decrease in population which may endanger the economy of a country. C. Legalizing abortion does not guarantee the survival of the woman after abortion. V. Responding to opposing view A. In Kenya, adoption in Kenya has a long process and restrictions. B. A decrease in population is also a positive impact to the country. C. Legalizing abortion reduces the unsafe abortions hence, gives hope to the woman aborting. VI. Conclusion A. Summary of points B. Recommendations Abortion Abortion can be defined as ending of pregnancy or termination of pregnancy by choice or one that happens accidentally in case of miscarriage. The pregnancy is removed from the womb, either by taking pills which involves taking medicines to cause miscarriage or by surgery. In East Africa abortion is common and is almost always illegal and unsafe. Even though induced abortion is highly restricted in most of Eastern Africa, an estimated 2. 4 million unsafe induced abortion occurred in the region in 2008. Nearly one in five maternal deaths can be attributed to unsafe abortion and more than 500 women die per 100,000 unsafe abortions. If compared with United State, where abortion is legal and safe the case fatality ratio is 0. 6 deaths per 100,000 abortions (Hussain, 2012). Hence, legalizing abortion will reduce unsafe abortions and the expense of the procedure. Abortion helps in stability and minimizing the effects of poverty in a family. Most of these abortions results from unwanted pregnancy, hence the family or the woman is unable to support the child decides to do abortion. Because a child needs a lot of care and support therefore money is involved. And this will help in minimizing the effect of poverty that would have likely occur if the fetus was kept. Abortion helps in controlling the population of a country. Kenya is among the under developed countries. This means there are fewer resources compared to the number people in the country. There abortions help in decreasing the population of the country which reduces the dependency ratio in the country and increase employment. It is good to have a decrease in population because when population of a country increases, it may lead to decrease in the national income and economic growth, and increase in unemployment. Abortion helps in preventing the deaths of women caused by illegal abortion. Most of the abortions performed in Kenya are unsafe due to lack of proper professional performing the abortion or lack of proper environment including equipments and surrounding where the abortion is being performed. Hence, endangers the health of the mother. I agree that women should choose adoption as an alternative to abortion. The woman should give the child away to a needy family which lacks children instead of aborting. But that is not likely to happen in a country like Kenya. Itââ¬â¢s because childless families most of the time takes the children of their relatives to take care of. And also Kenya adoption process is very long and the court is the only legal body that approves the adoption. I concede that abortion can lead to a decrease in population which may endanger the economy of a country. A country like Kenya is still growing hence needs human labor. Decrease in population may lead to decrease of the countries performance. However, a decrease in population is also a positive impact to the country. Because it will lead to increase in employment which will lead to an increase in the countryââ¬â¢s Gross domestic product (GDP) and also leads to an increase in living standard of people. While it is true that legalizing abortion does not guarantee the survival of the woman after abortion. This is because the chances of surviving the abortion is 0. 6 per 100,000 people but legalizing abortion reduces the unsafe abortions hence, gives hope to the woman aborting. When abortion is legalized even the big hospitals will offer the services which are better compared to these illegal and dirty places where most of the abortions are performed. Abortion therefore helps in stability and minimizing the effects of poverty in a family, it helps in controlling the population of a country, and it helps in preventing the deaths of women caused by illegal abortion. However, the government of Kenya should limit the number of abortion to be done per woman and this should not imply in miscarriages. How to cite Legalizing Abortion, Essay examples judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-23287339851318185032019-12-06T18:40:00.001-08:002019-12-06T18:40:02.931-08:00It Pays to Take Risks free essay sample As we grow older, at some point in our lives, we would have to face decisions that involve, perhaps, very big risks; decisions that impose us to go to lengths that we have not ventured into. Yet, it is with these risks that allow us to make better decisions and hence choose what is best for ourselves. Taking risks has its shortcomings. One of the most common reasons why people choose not to take risks is because it is dangerous ââ¬â one may need to face uncomfortable setbacks in the process. Taking risks requires people to get out of their comfort-zones, out into the open to do things that are distressing to them. By definition, to risk means to be exposed to the chance of injury or loss. Often, people do not take the risk due to fear of failure or humiliation. Therefore, when people take risks, they often need to lose something in one way or another. We will write a custom essay sample on It Pays to Take Risks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, whenever we take risks, there is a higher chance of failure because we are doing something that we have not done before. There are many things that are still alien to us out there in the world, therefore we would not know what the outcome will be if we were to venture into that area. Anyone brave enough to risk it by putting his all into that field of work faces a huge loss should he fail. Steve Jobs is one prime example. He started out with nothing, but slowly built his way upwards to success. It was hard work and he could have lost everything with one mistake, but he persevered. Even after being diagnosed with cancer, he refused to undergo operation and continued to work hard for the Apple Company that he founded. If he had not done that, there would not be new versions of iPhones and other Apple products because after all, Steve Jobs knows it best. However, risk-taking is not all about facing setbacks. It also gives us the opportunity to gain new learning experiences. Whenever we take a risk, there will always be lessons learnt in the process. Mikhail Baryshnikov said, ââ¬Å"To walk across the street is a risk. â⬠Even the simplest of things are risks. Yet from doing these simple things, we will be able to gain valuable lessons from the experience alone. Thus, risk-taking exposes us to different situations and allows us to derive learning lessons from them. Moreover, risk-taking would allow us to have a higher possibility of discovering something new. If we do not step out of our comfort-zone, we would never have the chance to try anything new, much less discover anything new. Take J. K. Rowling for example. After graduating, her marriage failed and she was jobless with a dependent child. However, she continued writing ââ¬ËHarry Potterââ¬â¢ even when her mother passed on. As Brian Ferneyhough quotes, ââ¬Å"If nothing is at risk, nothing is established. â⬠Hence, if J. K. Rowling had given up on herself, the book ââ¬ËHarry Potterââ¬â¢ would never have existed. But she had done the opposite instead: she risked her daughter, risked her studies, and even risked her life. This resulted in her being able to be successful. Her books have gained immense popularity, critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide, and were even made into movies. In conclusion, although taking risks means that we have to go against certain odds, but if the outcome is successful, there would be great improvements in our current life. The act of being able to come upon a new idea is indeed rewarding, and definitely worth the risk. Vincent van Gogh once said, ââ¬Å"What would life be if we had no courage to attempt anything? â⬠If there were no one who would dare to take those risks, there would not be any changes in life from when it first started till now. We should all muster up the fearful courage and take the risk, for we never know what the outcome is. Therefore, it does pay to take risks. judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-64264242230346550612019-11-29T06:42:00.001-08:002019-11-29T06:42:02.911-08:00Paliamentary Procedure Essays - Parliamentary Procedure, Elections Paliamentary Procedure Parliamentary Procedure Meetings overseen by an elected chairman Chairman responsible for keeping general order of meetings and collecting and counting closed or secret ballot votes Chairman can or can not be a voting member of the board The discussion can be an open discussion or members must wait to speak until recognized by the chairman 1. A member of the board calls a particular subject in question to a vote 2. The initial call to vote needs to be supported by another member of the board in the form of a verbal second. 3. If the call to vote is seconded then the chairman announces that the vote in question has been seconded and that the board as a whole will vote on whether to vote on the subject in question or to continue discussion on the topic. 4. The sequence of voting events is as follows: The first vote is a verbal vote, all in favor of the topic at hand say I, all those apposed say ney. If a decision is not easily made due to the first vote than one of two things may occur: 1. The chairman may conduct the same vote but ask that the board members raise their hand for their appropriate vote and count hands or, 2. The chairman passes out blank slips of paper and a silent closed vote is collected and tallied immediately with the results announced promptly afterward. ( the decision of this vote can be made due to a majority, ?, or unanimous vote decision making process) If the board decides to not vote then the table is reopened for discussion If the board decides to put the subject at question to a final vote then the voting rules as stated above(#4) are implemented and or variations as necessary( ex. A subject of extreme importance or a personal issue might go straight to a silent, closed vote due to a request etc.) If the vote does not pass it is considered dead and is unable to be brought up in a board meeting discussion for an allotted amount of time (ex. 4 months) unless it meets certain established guidelines ( ex. ? or unanimous agreement to open up subject to board meeting discussions) If the vote does pass then it is implemented immediately or at the soonest time required for it to be completely implemented. The implemented vote can be amended and/or overturned due to certain established guidelines ( ex. ? or unanimous decision to amend or overturn previous decision) Government Essays judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-3576850552550991892019-11-25T13:34:00.001-08:002019-11-25T13:34:04.918-08:00Europasaurus - Facts and FiguresEuropasaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Europasaurus (Greek for European lizard); pronounced your-ROPE-ah-SORE-us Habitat: Plains of western Europe Historical Period: Late Jurassic (155-150 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 1,000-2,000 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Unusually small size for a sauropod; quadrupedal posture; ridge on snout About Europasaurus Just as not all sauropods had long necks (witness the short-necked Brachytrachelopan), not all sauropods were the size of houses, either. When its numerous fossils were unearthed in Germany a few years ago, paleontologists were astonished to learn that the late Jurassic Europasaurus wasnt much bigger than a large oxonly about 10 feet long and one ton, max. This may seem large compared to a 200-pound human, but its positively stunted compared to classic sauropods like Apatosaurus and Diplodocus, which weighed in the neighborhood of 25 to 50 tons and were almost as long as a football field. Why was Europasaurus so small? We may never know for sure, but an analysis of Europasaurus bones shows that this dinosaur grew more slowly than other sauropodswhich accounts for its small size, but also means that an unusually long-lived Europasaurus might have reached a respectable height (though it would still have seemed puny standing next to a full-grown Brachiosaurus). Since its clear that Europasaurus evolved from larger sauropod ancestors, the most likely explanation of its small size was an evolutionary adaptation to the limited resources of its ecosystemperhaps a remote island cut off from the European mainland. This type of insular dwarfism has been observed not only in other dinosaurs, but also extant mammals and birds. judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-6236840315369060532019-11-21T20:58:00.001-08:002019-11-21T20:58:03.095-08:00Intermediate targets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsIntermediate targets - Essay Example One of the most quoted examples of an indirect target is the money supply in an economy. Federal Reserve cannot destroy the old dollars neither it can throw a batch of new ones in the market (in practice, the Fed has all the authority to print new dollars and increase the money supply directly but it is most likely and the assumption here is that it wont do the same) (Bofinger, Reischle & Schachter, 2001). Therefore, in order to increase or decrease the money supply in the market, the process is to alter the interest rates of the economy and open market operations of buying or selling bonds. Low interest rates coupled with the Fedââ¬â¢s attempt to buy the bonds in the market would increase the money supply in the market since people would take their money out of their banks to search for other investment alternatives, which can create higher returns. Furthermore, the individuals who previously had bonds now hold their asset in a form liquid form thus increasing the overall money s upply in the market (Solow & Taylor, 1999; Bofinger, Reischle & Schachter, 2001) Unemployment is also an intermediate target of monetary policy. Despite the fact that this is not the goal of monetary policy under all monetary policy but it is a major goal for most of them. In order to decrease unemployment, the monetary policy experts would try to decrease the interest rates, which would in return boost the investment from the side of the general public. More investment would lead to more job opportunities and more job opportunities, thus, reducing the overall level of unemployment (Bofinger, Reischle & Schachter, 2001). Furthermore, with decreasing interest rates, the inflation is likely to go up which would give an incentive for the producers to produce more and earn greater profits in nominal terms. This motivates the producers to further increase the output and productivity, which leads to more employment opportunities (Solow & Taylor, 1999). Inflation Targeting In most of the s tates and countries where monetary policy exists, one of its prime targets is to target inflation and keep the same under the desired range, by either causing an increase or decrease in it. Since interest rate is the main tool of monetary policy for Central Bank, the inverse relationship of interest rates and inflation rates makes it clear for the general public that what the Central Bank is trying to do with the inflation (Walsh, 2003). For example, if the inflation is above the desired or targeted level and the Federal Reserve wants to bring it down, the idea would be to raise the interest rates so that the inflation rates could drop down (Gali, 2008). Therefore, according to its definition, inflation targeting refers to the process used the Federal Reserve with which the Fed estimates, plans and set a target for future inflation and with the help of monetary policy tools makes an attempt to accomplish the same. People in the economy also get to know this target so that they could plan their savings, wages, incomes, and others in line of that future level of inflation. Almost all the developing and developed countries in the world actively use inflation targeting since it helps in the smoothing of economic operations in the country (Bofinger, Reischle & Schachter, 2001). Inflation targeting, which is being used by many emerging economies of the world, if successfully anchored, leads to great benefits. First, judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-37429706898507788882019-11-20T17:17:00.001-08:002019-11-20T17:17:05.576-08:00Compare and contrast Nissan Juke and BMW 128i Coupe EssayCompare and contrast Nissan Juke and BMW 128i Coupe - Essay Example It was tested at a quarter mile, and came in a 15.5 seconds and zero to 60 in 7.3 seconds. From 60 mph to zero, it came in at 123 feet. The estimates for the Jukeââ¬â¢s fuel economy are 27 city and 32 highway. With well weighted steering and buttoned down suspension, the Juke provides a decisive response. Coming in at $20,000 to $25,000, the Juke is also comfortable to drive. Firmly padded seats, adjustable height and steering tilts help the driver find the ideal position. It also has all wheel drive, Bluetooth and iPod capability, side and curtain airbags, as well as stability and traction control. It also comes with emergency braking assist, engine immobilizer, whiplash protection system, tire pressure monitoring and vehicle alarm impact sensor. Although the Juke comes in as an average vehicle in terms of performance, dynamics, comfort, quietness, ergonomics, visibility, space and overall build quality, it is a good vehicle with a very unique look at a fair price. With overall o wnership costs for five years coming in at $31,595, and depreciation at $10, 932, itââ¬â¢s a good deal. The 2011 BMW 128i Coupe is a smaller but still sleek version of BMWââ¬â¢s 3 series. judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-45121900318964050182019-11-18T16:55:00.001-08:002019-11-18T16:55:04.198-08:00International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsInternational marketing - Essay Example In todayââ¬â¢s environment, a lot of segmentation has been done in every industry and for every product (Segmentation strategy, n.d.). Examples of the two major industries that are textile industry and hair care industry are discussed in subsequent paragraphs in order to provide insights about segmentation options. Since the needs and wants of customers are getting more customized and particular, therefore after the broader markets are defined, marketers go for further segmentation especially when they are addressing internal markets. These additional segmentations are called as Segmentation Options for instance if a company deals in hair care products, then the market which it selects to cater can depend upon several options. The segmentation option available to an international marketer can include different problems of hair. Therefore, it can address the needs of customers related to hair fall, dandruff, damaged hair, dry and dull hair etc. Apart from focusing on the hair probl ems, other segmentation option includes type of products to be delivered. They can include hair shampoo, hair conditioner, hair gel, hair spray, hair mask, hair color, hair oil etc. These will be considered as segmentation options available to international marketer through which it can enter a new market. ... Apart from the type of product, other segmentation options include manner of usage. Manner of usage is more inclined toward the events where the products can be used for instance clothes can be further categorized as bridal wear, party wear, office wear etc. In linens, marketer has to decide which products to prepare. Options include bed sheets, bed covers, curtains, pillow cover cushions etc. Nature of fabric comprises of the material that will be required for each individual product. 2. Discuss, giving examples, how an organization can determine the appropriateness of an international market. Explain what issues in gathering information may be experienced.à Appropriateness of Marketing Internationally Nowadays, concern of appropriateness is always in center of the minds of international marketers. Thatââ¬â¢s what brings an epic recession to the widely known brands of the world. Numbers of products get obsolete due to their inappropriateness in the market. The brands which are best positioned nowadays are the one which are relevant, necessary, wholesome as well as caring and nurturing. In the world of brands, marketers are facing an emotional recession that is causing the decline in the norms of acceptable brands. International marketing requires being very relevant and appropriate otherwise the products will become disasters. An example of inappropriate product includes McPizza which was introduced by McDonalds in mid-nineties. McDonalds spent a large amount on expensive ovens and drive through windows that were not required at all. The Pizza market was already so much saturated that Americans gradually abandoned and finally forgot if any pizza was introduced by McDonalds. The judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-65758227139156438462019-11-16T05:28:00.001-08:002019-11-16T05:28:04.446-08:00Cross Culture Affects The Global Fast FoodsCross Culture Affects The Global Fast Foods Michel Camdessus, former managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that: Globalization is simply the continuation of the trend toward greater international economic integration that has been under way for the last fifty years. The difference is that todays markets are larger, more complex, and more closely integrated than ever before. And now capital moves at a speed and in volumes that would have been inconceivable a few decades ago. (Walker, Walker, Schmitz, 2003, p.2). One could surely argue that, globalisation as defined by our contemporary experience, is a continuation of a historical evolution that has been underway for at least the past five hundred years, with European colonialisation and imperialism leading to a dynamic between parochial tribalism and global commerce that frames the modern state of affairs- a dialectical dynamic that Benjamin Barber (1996) fittingly calls Jihad vs. McWorld. As stated by Elmer (2003), Stepping out and fitting in around the world is what multinationals brand of companies are doing to conquer new markets and to be sustainable on the long run. The challenge of crossing the border to step out and fit in each and every culture worldwide (Elmer, 2003), and be both a global and a local company is the effort of Fast Food brands like KFC, McDonalds and Nandos. Downs (1993) stated that One of the greatest stumbling blocks to understanding other peoples within or without a particular culture is the tendency to judge others behavior by our own standards. As per Criag Storti (1989. P. 32-34): The more we retreat from the culture and the people the less we learn about them; the less we know about them the more uncomfortable we feel among them; the more uncomfortable we fell among them the more inclined we are to withdraw. Therefore to survive a multinational has to learn about the people of the country they are operating in. Hofstede (1991), Trompenaars (1993), Czinkota and Ronkainen (1993) all agreed that culture is based on languages, economy, religion, policies, social institutions, class, values, status, attitudes, manners, customs, material items, aesthetics and education, which subsequently influences managerial values. The ability of Hofstedes framework to capture more than the individualism-collectivism dimension of culture contributed to its popularity (Sivakuma and Nakata, 2001). According to Hofstede (1980), the uncertainty avoidance dimension deals with the national cultures ability to tolerate ambiguity. Individuals in these high uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to be rigid and dogmatic. They are threatened by unknown situations. Life is perceived to have many risks, and the resultant stress needs to be lessened. So the cultures may rely upon such mechanisms as rules, customs, laws, and religion in pursuit of security. 1.2 Problem Definition With the effect of globalization, it has been noted that many multinational fast food brands are establishing in the Mauritius. After nearly 30 years that KFC implemented itself in Mauritius, we now have an influx of different famous brands of fast foods. Another phenomenon leading to this increase of fast food on the market is the opening of retail outlets like Bagatelle and Cascavelle. Mauritius is known for its history of different ethnic groups and with a diversity of food culture, the question arising is how these companies are able to gain share of the market and how they have adapted themselves to the Mauritian culture. 1.3 The industry understudy This study will be conducted for the Fast Food industry with reference to the following multinational brands: KFC, McDonalds and Nandos. This will enable us to analyse how they are operating and how the importation of American and Portuguese food culture are adapting to our famous Mauritian cuisine:Bryani, Dal puri, Gateaux Piment, Mine Bouille and other typical Mauritian food. 1.4 Aim of research The aim of this research is to investigate how these multinationals are facing the cross cultural barriers and how they have been able to overcome them. 1.5 Objective of Research To identify cross cultural barriers existing in the Mauritian Market and the fast food sector. To analyse how cross culture barriers affects the Marketing strategies of Fast Food Companies To analyse the impact of cross culture on the brand equity of these Multinationals To analyse the impact of the anxiety and uncertainty avoidance theory faced by Fast Food Multinational on the Market. To evaluate how Mauritians has accepted these Multinationals in their culture. 1.6 Research Structure and hypotheses Companies who extend their business abroad have to face a challenge of cross-cultural communication. Bennis and Nanus (1985) refer to Erez (1992) and claim that communication is the only approach by which group members can cooperate with each other toward the goal of organization. In line with this a possible hypothesis is as follows: HYPOTHESIS 1 Ho: Cross cultural barriers have no impact on fast food multinational marketing strategies H1: cross cultural barriers have impact on fast food multinational marketing strategies Steenkamp et al. (2003) found that perceived brand globalness was positively related to perceived quality and prestige. Another hypothesis can be: HYPOTHESIS 2 H3: Cross cultural barriers have no impact on brand equity of fast food multinational marketing strategies H4: Cross cultural barriers have impact on brand equity of fast food multinational marketing strategies Hofstede (1991, p. 116) points out that uncertainty avoidance should not be confused with risk avoidance even more than reducing risk, uncertainty avoidance leads to a reduction of ambiguity. One of hypothesis will show this from the study HYPOTHESIS 3 H5: The anxiety and uncertainty avoidance theory have no impact on Fast foods Multinationals on the Market. H6: The anxiety and uncertainty avoidance theory have impact on Fast foods Multinationals on the Market. Levitt (1983, p. 87) argues that well-managed companies have moved from emphasis on customizing items to offering globally standardized products that are advanced, functional, reliable and low priced. The following hypothesis will try to this point. HYPOTHESIS 4 H7: Mauritian has adopted these Multinational Fast Foods. H8: Mauritian has not adopted these Multinational Fast Foods. 1.7 Structure of the Study The dissertation will comprise of different chapters as outlined below. Chapter 1: Introduction defines the background of the research and outlines the aim and research objectives. It also gives an overview of the structure of the study to be carried out. Chapter 2: Literature Review -presents a detailed account of relevant materials in relation to the subject matter including theories and principles relating to cross-cultural barriers, also in relation to the food and fast foods multinationals. It also emphasizes on Individualism versus collectivism and uncertainty avoidance in relation to Hofstedes cultural framework. Chapter 3: Situation Analysis It provides a brief of the Mauritian Fast food Multinationals and the problem they have encounter to be present on the Market Chapter 4: Methodology defines the basic methods used to carry out this study along with the procedures that are used to analyse and prepare the collected data. It also identifies the problems and limitations during the research. Chapter 5: Analysis Findings Presents an analysis of the data collected together with a discussion. Chapter 6: Recommendations Conclusion provides recommendations to provide a smoother adjustment for the Fast Food Multinationals in view with cross cultural issues. Chapter 2 Literature review Since the very beginning of human history, food has assembled peoples in the way that no any other things have been able to do. No matter whether it was the ancient agora or todays modern day supermarket or restaurant, the market of food has always played a central role in humans lives, communities, communication, and culture (Huddleston et al., 2009; DeJesus and Tian, 2004). Culture is often defined as a system of values as well as a determinant of consumer behavior. Members of a particular culture transform their experiences with their physical and social environments to an abstract level of belief about what is desirable and what is not (Lillis and Tian 2010). Such encoded beliefs, called values, act as a general guide for everyday behaviors, including those pertaining to buying and consumption. Cultural values differ among nations along Hofstedes four dimensions of national character (Emery and Tian, 2003; Hofstede, 1984; Tian, 2002). The growing amount of international business has increased the need to understand consumer behavior from a cross-cultural perspective (Mooij, 2004; Senguder, 2001; Sunderland and Denny, 2007; Tian 2002 a). With the globalisation of markets, marketing research has assumed a truly international character and this trend is likely to continue (Malhotra et al., 1994). Todays Consumers have greater knowledge of the value of various competing offerings. Effective communications may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse consumer needs on a global basis. According to Edmondson (2000), two-thirds of all industries either already operate globally or are in the process of doing so, McDonaldss earns over 62% of its income outside the U.S. For cross-cultural acceptance, Altering and adjusting the marketing mix determinants are essential and vital to suit local tastes, meet special needs and consumers non-identical requirements (Czinkota and Ronnenken, 1995). Growing internationalization of tastes and buying patterns has made the development of global and regional brands more feasible (Doyle, 1994). 2.1 Fast Food Industry and Food culture The fast food revolution essentially had its origins in the US in the mid 1950s and this style of catering has continued to grow there and to spread to most of the rest of the world in the decades since then (Jones et al, 2002, p.41). Schlosser (2001) has suggested that within the US the impact of this revolution has been seen to be particularly pervasive. He argues, for example, that during a relatively brief period of time the fast food industry has helped to transform not only the American diet but also our landscapes, economy, workforce and popular culture. More generally fast food can be seen as a powerful symbol of globalisation and of post-modern society and few countries of the world seem immune to its apparent attractions. McDonaldss, for example, claim to serve 45 million customers every day in 30,000 restaurants in 121 countries around the world (Jones et al, 2002, p.41). Fast food have been defined by Bender and Bender (1995) as a general term used for a limited menu of foods that lend themselves to production-line techniques; suppliers tend to specialize in products such as hamburgers, pizzas, chicken, or sandwiches. Fast food is one which gained acceptance of Indian palate after the multinational fast food players adapted the basic Indian food requirements with vegetarian meals and selected non-vegetarian options excluding beef and pork totally from their menu (Goyal, and Singh, 2007). Carmouche and Kelly (1995) suggested a list of factors that shape the food consumption behavior: social class, gender, age, culture, race, and religion (also considered a cultural factor). Food is one important factor that influences the choice to visit a particular place and affects tourists attitudes, decisions, and behavior (Henderson 2009; Hjalanger and Corigliano 2000). Ample evidence has been found that religion can influence consumer attitude and behavior in general and food purchasing decisions and eating habits in particular (Bonne and Verbeke 2008b). In many societies, religion plays one of the most influential roles in shaping food choices and consumption behavior: the types of food that can be consumed, who should prepare and cook the food at what times, and how and when to eat it. However, different religions have different rules and teachings about food consumption behavior. Followers of religions also differ in observance of these rules: some follow the rules strictly, while others behave with more flexibility, and few may not care at all. Hence, in order to investigate the relationship between food consumption behavior and religion, it is important to give ample consideration to this religious diversity both within and among the followers of each religion. (Maedeh Bon, Mazhar Hussain, 2010) All restaurants of KFC, an American fast-food chain, in France are Halal certified and KFC also serves such food in eight of its British restaurants on a trial basis (The Economist 2009). 2.2 Culture and Cross Culture 2.2.1 Definition of Culture According to Ferraro (1994), the only requirement for culture is to be human is that the people in the world belong to a culture. Marzheuser (1995) stated that culture consists primarily of the symbols and stories people use to communicate their history and values. For Hall (1976), culture is a word which stands for the sum of earned behavior, patterns, attitudes and material things. Culture has been defined as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another (Hofstede, 1980). Beyond individual differences, human dispositions and behaviors are influenced by the norms, beliefs and values of their cultural environment (Triandis, 1989). Furthermore, cultural values shape not only ones behavior, but also ones perceptions of the self and of the social environment (Triandis, 1989). Much insight has been gained from the GLOBE research project (House et al., 2004), where culture was measured both as values of the respondents and in terms of their perceptions of how people deal with collective challenges within their culture. 2.2.2 Cross Culture Okazaki et al (2011) defined global consumer culture positioning as: a brand is associated with a widely understood and recognized set of symbols believed to constitute emerging global consumer cultures. As Simon and Dolan (1997) illustrate; McDonaldss has been very successful with package offers in the USA and in Germany, where a hamburger and fries offered together with a beverage. While Local consumer culture positioning is defined as a strategy that associates the brand with local cultural meanings, reflects the local cultures norms and identities, is portrayed as consumed by local people in the national culture, and/or is depicted as locally produced for local people (e.g., McDonaldss chicken teriyaki ads in Japan). In contrast, foreign consumer culture positioning positions the brand as symbolic of a specific foreign consumer culture (e.g. KFC slogan Finger-lickin good was translated as Eat your fingers off in China). Beyond individual differences, human dispositions and behaviors are influenced by the norms, beliefs and values of their cultural environment (Triandis, 1989). Furthermore, cultural values shape not only ones behavior, but also ones perceptions of the self and of the social environment (Triandis, 1989). Cultural differences have significant impact on our intercultural communication. They are the source of misunderstanding, misinterpretation, anxiety, and uncertainty, which ultimately result in miscommunication (Stephan and Stephan, (2002); Gudykunst (2002); Gudykunst and Lee, (2002). Generally, culture is conceptualised as a shared way of life collectively developed and shared by a group of people and transmitted from generation to generation (Tubbs and Moss, 1994). Culture embodies many complex elements such as beliefs, values, language, political systems, and tools which together give a group its code or characteristics (Griffin (2000); Tubbs and Moss (1994). This code is not impos ed by one individual or an external body. Rather, it is socially constructed (by members that make up the group) and historically transmitted (Philipsen, (1992) and Griffin (2000)). Intercultural communication is thus the exchange of information between well-defined groups of people with significantly different cultures (Barnett and Lee (2002). The process is quite complex in the sense that this exchange of information takes place in a context which is a fusion of significantly different systems. The process also requires conscious attempts by each party at reducing uncertainty about the future behaviour of the other party through an increase in understanding of the other group (Barnett and Lee (2002); Gudykunst, (2002)). For Gudykunst and Lee (2002) and Griffin, (2000) Cultural variability (the extent to which cultures differ) is key to any conceptualisation of intercultural communication. Various studies have examined cultural variability at the level of power distribution (or power distance), uncertainty avoidance, gender roles, face negotiation, individualism-collectivism, and others. Mazneski (1994) opines that cross-cultural awareness facilitates to perform a set task successfully. Berthon (1993) views culture as the results of the human actions and shows the link between the ideas of mental programming and the consequence of behaviour derived from this. Therefore, cross-verging across culture has different aspects such as attitude, communication, conflict and negotiation, performance and compensation, which explain the ethical issues and how to appraise them. Bond and Forgas (1984) concluded that different perceptions, attitudes and biases in different cultures ultimately mould the ethical monochromes across-culture, have a distinct presence ubiquitously. In that light, McFarlin and Sweeney (1998) observe that once you perceive and interpret the behaviour of another person, you often must communicate your feelings or reactions to what took place which is an extension of the ethical base to appraise performance and preference. Ambos and Schlegelmilch (2008) argu e that one culture may support certain type (or types) of organizations rather than other types, and culture differences will eventually influence on the performance of company. International marketers have long realized that products and services frequently must be adapted to the varying needs and preferences of consumers in different countries (Cateora and Graham 2002). As McDonaldss adapted its products in India and has made changes to its menu to cater to local tastes elsewhere in the world. In 1996 McDonaldss launches its first restaurants in India and to respect local custom the menu there did not include beef. Instead, there was a novel item the Maharaja Mac, made with mutton but served in the McDonaldss sesame-seed bun (Rugimbana and Nwankwo, (2003). The goal of marketing management is to create positive identity impressions in the local consumers minds, even if this entails some alteration to the companys global identity expressions. As reported in The Economist (2001), in the fast-food industry, menu offerings are influenced by the prevailing cultural values Maharaja Macs at McDonaldss India, Teriyaki McBurgers at McDonaldss Japan, and Kosher and non-Kosher restaurants in McDonaldss Israel and advertising, outdoor signage, and in-store ephemera need to be in the native language. Restaurant architecture frequently incorporates native motifs and global trade characters can take on a local flavor. A Starbucks in Shanghai has a Ming Dynasty faà §ade and the entrances of some Chinese KFC restaurants are guarded by full-size, fiberglass models of Colonel Sanders who, in his Asian reincarnation, looks a little portly like a Buddha. According to former CEO, Jack Greenberg, localization has contributed to McDonaldss worldwide success (Foreign Policy 2001), although some analysts warn that decentralization has become so pervasive that it threatens to undermine the main pillars of the brand service, quality and cleanliness (The Economist 2001). 2.3 Cross Culture Barriers Hofstede (1991), Trompenaars (1993), and Czinkota and Ronkainen (1993) all agreed that culture is based on languages, economy, religion, policies, social institutions, class, values, status, attitudes, manners, customs, material items, aesthetics and education, which subsequently influences managerial values. Witkowski and Wolfinbarger (2002) found that the relationship between the different components of service quality reliability, empathy, responsiveness, assurance, and tangibles and perceptions of overall service quality varied across both cultures and across service settings. 2.3.1 Language Language is the key to the heart of a culture, so related are language and culture that language holds the power to maintain national or cultural identity. Victor (1992) noted that there are at least 2, 796 languages spoken on planet earth. According to Rubin (1992), language is a set of characters or elements and rules for their use in relation to one another and as described by Nanda and Warms (1998) language does more than just reflect culture: it is the way in which an individual is introduce to the order of the physical and social environment. As the definition of Dawson (1967), language lies at the root of culture, and that culture and language are inseparable aspects of the same process. According to Edwards (1985), language is important in ethnic and nationalist sentiment because of its power and visible symbolism (reason why the Mauritian government as implemented Mauritian Creoles in schools). For Bolch (1996) language and culture are so firmly intertwined that optional cro ss-cultural international business cannot be attained without substantial foreign-language capabilities. Reasonable cultural awareness without foreign-language capabilities is common, especially among English speaking business people, but such a lack of skills set very definite limits on the efficacy of cross-cultural performance. Intercultural communication gained prominence after efforts by anthropologists and linguists like Hall and Lado to link language, culture, and communication (Kramsch, 2001). 2.3.2 Norms, Roles, Beliefs and Values Norms are culturally defined rules for determining acceptable and appropriate behaviour (Tubbs and Moss, 1994). They include those that govern social situations and conversational routines such as greetings, making requests, and expressing various emotions. Roles are also sources of cultural variability. Roles are sets of norms applicable to specific groups of people in society. As culture relates to norms, values and customs of people it generates behavioural differentiation. Culture as a set of norms, rules and customs, as a result people from different cultures have differences in their norms and customs. Culture is a pattern of spiritual, emotional, mental and physical realities, all of which interact in the life of society and individuals. It involves the way we think, dress and speak, the words we use, our beliefs, the food we eat, the style of our clothes and our homes, the relationship between relatives, our music and our art, and much more. Higher education levels expose ind ividuals to different cultural perspectives and make them less likely to follow local behavioral norms and more global as consumers (Keillor et al., 2001). Cultural syndromes are cognitive structures that help one organize and interpret the world by focusing attention on certain patterns or themes in the subjective elements of the environment, such as values, norms, beliefs, and assumptions (Triandis, 1994a) 2.3.3 Status Homer and Kahle (1988), the value attitude behavior hierarchy would support the contention that cultural values do correlate with attitudes. Orientation toward status is another cultural dimension identified as affecting human behavior and refers to how people are judged in society (Trompanaars Hampdon-Turner, 1997). Achievement is a cultural orientation where people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions (e.g., subject matter expertise) and on what they have accomplished. Ascription is a cultural orientation where status is attributed based on who or what a person is (i.e., based on age, gender, or social connections). 2.4. High context-communication and low context communication. High context or Low context communication theory is one of the most important theories in cross-cultural research, which can be viewed as a culture based on the messages that people within the culture prefer to use (Richardson and Smith, 2007). It properly links management style and staff behaviour to discuss the issue of cross-cultural management in communication. According to Richardson and Smith (2007) refer to Hall (1976) and argue that cultures cannot be easily classified into High Context or Low Context, but to some extent, some cultures tend to be at the higher end while others are at the lower end of the continuum. In a high-context culture, people interdepend on each other. Information is widely shared through the word with potential meaning. In a low-context cutlure, people tend to be individualized, kind of alienated and fragmented, people do not involve with each other too much. High context communication tends to engage an indirect way to express while low context commun ication prefers direct information exchange (Kim, Pan and Park, 1998, Richardson and Smith, 2007). In a low-context culture, people coming from other culture can easily match these machinations, but in a high-context culture, these high-context machinations cannot be easily matched by people coming from low-context culture (Holden, 2002). The characteristic of high-context communication is economical, fast, efficient, and satisfying, however, programming is time-consumed (Kim, Pan and Park, 1998). Contrarily, low-context massages are more context-free than high-context communication, information about the character and background and values of the participants are less influencing on people to make deals, however, the reliance to make deal is upon the explicit communication. In high context cultures communication involves messages in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message While low context the mass of the information is vested i n explicit code (Hall Hall, 1990). Cultural dimensions such as uncertainty avoidance, high-low context, field dependence-independence, and analytic-holistic reasoning are all cultural dimensions that may impact the leaders search (Salas e t al., 2004). 2.5 Hofstede cultural dimension Framework The human relations theme contains cultural dimensions that address how members of cultures react, interact, and develop relationships with others. Specifically, this theme includes dimensions that describe the identification of in- versus out-groups and corresponding expectations (Hofstede, 1980), preferences for individualistic tendencies versus group consensus and corresponding behavioral consequences (Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, 1998), and the maintenance of the status quo (Schwartz, 1999). The power relations theme contains cultural dimensions that revolve around peoples beliefs, values, and subsequent behaviors resulting from perceptions of power. Cultural dimensions within this theme guide rules and regulations regarding peoples reaction to power as well as the perception, acceptance, and adherence of power being distributed unequally (Hofstede, 1980). Hofstedes classification was originally related to work values rather than consumer behavior and other micro phenomena; it mi ght be less relevant in more culture specific studies on more micro phenomena in consumer behaviors (Yau et al. 1999). However, his work appears to be heavily relied upon because of its extensiveness across cultures and its intuitive appeal. While the first four themes deal primarily with direct social interactions, the next several themes pertain to differences in cultures orientation to more inanimate objects (i.e., rules, times, nature). Dimensions, which pertain to a cultures orientation to rules, include those that describe the adherence to, application of, and comfort with rules for members of a certain culture. Specifically, this theme refers to attitudes and preferences for ambiguity, rules guiding actions, and the amount of rules that govern behaviour for a particular society (Hofstede, 1980). National cultures also have different preferences with regard to perception of time and how those perceptions guide behavior. The time orientation theme refers to dimensions that explain how time perceptions of members relate to rewards, how time is viewed, and whether or not members pay attention to time (Hofstede, 2001; Hall Hall, 1990). The following provides a brief outline of the six dimensions of national cultures (Hofstede, 2001; Hofstede et al., 2010). (1) Power distance refers to the extent to which a society accepts the fact that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. It is shown as much by the behavioural values of superiors, who display their power and exercise it, as by the behavioural values of subordinates who wait for their superiors to show their status and power, and are uncomfortable if they do not personally experience it. (2) Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which members of a society feel uncomfortable in ambiguous and uncertain situations and take actions to avoid them. The dimension of uncertainty avoidance measures the extent to which people in a society tend to feel threatened by uncertain, ambiguous or undeà ¬Ã ned situations. Where uncertainty avoidance is high, organizations promote stable careers, produce rules and procedures, etc. Nevertheless societies in which uncertainty avoidance is strong are also characterized by a higher level of anxiety and aggressiveness that creates, among other things, a strong inner urge to work hard (Hofstede, 1980a). (3) Individualism versus collectivism refers to the extent to which individuals are supposed to look after themselves or remain integrated into groups. Hofstede (2001) defines it as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. According to this definition, national culture is a set of collective beliefs and values that distinguish people of one nation from those of another. (4) Masculinity versus femininity refers to the distribution of emotional roles between the genders. It contrasts tough masculine with tender feminine societies. A society is masculine when the dominant values favour assertiveness, earning money, showing off possessions and caring little for others. Conversely, feminine societies favour nurturing roles, interdependence between people and caring for others (who are seen as worth caring for, because they are temporarily weak). The masculinity/femininity dimension has been so called because, on average, men tended to score high on one extreme and women on the other, across societies. (5) Long-term versus short-term orientation refers to the extent to which a culture programs its members to accept delayed satisfaction of their material, social and emotional needs. Long-term orientation is future-focused and has long-term goals whereas short-term orientations focus on respect for tradition and are oriented toward the past and the present. Long Term Orientation stands for the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its opposite pole, Short Term O judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4509029632132229403.post-44467515375720328712019-11-13T17:58:00.001-08:002019-11-13T17:58:04.218-08:00Mathematical Ethics Essay -- Math Philosophy Aristotle PapersMathematical Ethics Philosophers since antiquity have argued the merits of mathematics as a normative aid in ethical decision-making and of the mathematization of ethics a theoretical discipline. Recently, Anagnostopoulos, Annas, Broadie and Hutchinson have probed such issues said to be of interest to Aristotle. Despite their studies, the sense in which Aristotle either opposed or proposed a mathematical ethics in subject-matter and method remains unclear. This paper attempts to clarify the matter. It shows Aristotleââ¬â¢s matrix of exactness and inexactness for ethical subject-matter and ethical method in the Nicomachean Ethics. Then it probes a resultant puzzle from the matrix, namely, the HL model of the happy life without consideration of mathematical justice (Bk. III) and the HJL model of the happy life with such consideration (Bk. V). Finally, it examines Aristotleââ¬â¢s twofold rationale for differentiating these two models in his overall moral feedback loop system: differences in the intel lectual virtue of good deliberation; the priority of friendship over justice for the happy life. This suggests Aristotle saw no objection either to using mathematics as an aid to ethical decision-making for a happy life, or to mathematizing at least some parts of an ethical theory of eudaimonism. I. The problem of math ethics in modernity and antiquity Mathematizing ethics to become scientific ethics has long been a dream of some philosophers, dating to both the Academy and perhaps the Lyceum. In modern philosophy Jeremy Bentham, (1) G.E. Moore, (2) and Nicholas Rescher (3) have tried to mathematize ethics. Such mathematizations square with Quine's view that mathematizing inexact things by way of exact methods marks a successful reduc... ...participants. It misses the mark methodologically, or, as Broadie likens it, it is "playing at ethics" or even a "perversion." It is, as Aristotle sees in the Nicomachean Ethics, a deception, since the underlying longitudinal assumption is that someone thinks they can become good by talking about the good without doing good and without being impacted by doing what they have chosen in a moral feedback loop system. (1105b 13-17) Furthermore, such maturation theories overlook the iterative dimension of moral decision-making with feedback loops and filters in the development of moral character ââ¬â including the possible use of mathematical ethics in the manner of Aristotle, who seems to have steered a middle course between complete reductive mathematization of ethics and an apriori resistance to even a partial mathematization of ethics. "Not too much and not too little!" judyjackson1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/16095232274226921837noreply@blogger.com0